The Civilian Harm Watchdog
Casualty Recording
Research
Investigations
Policy
About
Civilian Casualty Archive
Start Date
End Date
Site of the incident
Country
Country
Caribbean Sea (12)
Iraq (2)
Libya (13)
Pacific Ocean (10)
Somalia (436)
Yemen (446)
Iran (0)
Israel (0)
Lebanon (0)
Palestinian territories (0)
Syria (0)
Türkiye (0)
Ukraine (0)
Reported perpetrator (military, militant group, coalition, etc.)
Military Actor
Military Actor
7th Brigade (19)
Chadian Military (1)
Egyptian Military (11)
EU Military (4)
French Military (3)
Gaddafi Forces (105)
General National Congress (GNC) (7)
GNA/Turkish Military (25)
Government of National Accord (138)
Hezbollah Forces (2)
International Forces (Unknown) (38)
Iranian Military (53)
Israeli Military (1657)
Jordanian Military (8)
Kenyan Defense Forces (2)
Kurdish Forces (1)
Libyan National Army (366)
Libyan rebel forces (26)
LNA/UAE Military/Egyptian Military (46)
NATO forces (84)
Palestinian Militants (58)
Russian Military (5142)
Syrian Democratic Forces (3)
Syrian Regime (2)
Turkish Military (975)
U.S. Forces (919)
U.S. Security Contractors (1)
U.S.-led Coalition (2994)
UK Military (11)
Ukrainian Military (5)
United Arab Emirates Military (2)
Unknown (53)
Yemeni Air Force (12)
YPG (208)
U.S. Forces
✕
The method of military action or operation type
Strike Type
Strike Type
Airstrike (874)
Drone Strike (444)
Airstrike and/or Artillery (17)
Artillery (7)
Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground) (69)
Ground operation (16)
Naval bombardment (23)
Unknown (0)
Reported source(s) of harm
Causes of Death / Injury
Causes of Death / Injury
Accidents related to conflict (1)
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions (852)
Incendiary (1)
Planted explosives and unexploded ordnance (UXO) (5)
Small arms and light weapons (48)
Unknown (28)
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) (0)
Denial of access to/destruction of objects indispensable to survival (0)
Electromagnetic weapons (0)
Run over by vehicle (0)
Use of objects and other means (0)
Grade indicating the degree to which sources reported the same belligerent(s)
Strike Status
Strike Status
Contested strike (152)
Declared strike (436)
Likely strike (243)
Single source claim (76)
Grade indicating the strength of available reporting on civilian harm
Civilian Harm Status
Civilian Harm Status
Confirmed (10)
Fair (152)
Weak (60)
Contested (52)
Discounted (17)
Unknown (1)
Statements released by the perpetrator on their military action(s) and the resulting civilian harm if acknowledged
Belligerent Assessment
Belligerent Assessment
Credible / Substantiated (9)
Non credible / Unsubstantiated (81)
Not yet assessed (661)
Open incident (3)
Under investigation (1)
Duplicate (0)
People killed or injured, by demographic
Casualty
Casualty
Children (97)
Men (141)
Women (67)
Type of affected facility or location
Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Agriculture (20)
Agricultural Land (4)
Livestock (1)
Silo (0)
Storage (0)
Equipment / Machinery (0)
Factory (2)
Commerce (9)
Market (3)
Bakery (0)
Grocery Store (0)
Shop (2)
Communications (2)
Internet (0)
Mobile (1)
Cultural Site (1)
Education (9)
Nursery (0)
Primary School (0)
Secondary School (0)
University / College (0)
Vocational School (0)
Religious School (0)
Emergency Services (1)
Police Station (1)
Civil Defense Station (0)
Healthcare (7)
Hospital (3)
Ambulance (2)
Clinic (0)
Temporary Healthcare Facility (0)
Legal (1)
Courthouse (0)
Prison (1)
Ministry (0)
Media (2)
Radio Station (2)
Religious (4)
Mosque (3)
Prayer Space (1)
Residential (42)
House (5)
Apartment Building (2)
Resources (5)
Power Station (2)
Gas Facility (1)
Oil Facility (1)
Solar Panels (0)
Dam (0)
Transportation (3)
Road (1)
Bridge (0)
Airport (0)
Border crossing (0)
Port (2)
Vehicle (88)
Car (32)
Truck (7)
Motorcycle (11)
Bicycle (0)
Bus (0)
Boat (22)
Warehouse (1)
Raw Material (0)
Consumer Goods (0)
Military (0)
Water (1)
Well (0)
Water tank (0)
Desalination Plant (0)
Financial (0)
Bank (0)
Humanitarian (0)
Evacuation Route (0)
Food/Water Distribution (0)
Aid Convoy (0)
IDP or Refugee Camp (0)
Search
Order results by:
Incident Date
↓
Publication Date
919 incidents
Incident Date
29 February 2024
Incident Code
USYEMBi017
Location
محيط المخا, Vicinity of Al Mukha, Taiz, Yemen
At least two fishermen, including a 16-year old child, were killed and two others were injured by alleged US airstrikes or Houthi drone strikes off the coast of Al Mukha on February 29, 2024. A tweet from @aalnaasi reported that US aircraft carried out two raids on a Yemeni fishing boat that was sailing near…
Summary
Published
29 February 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Civilians reported killed
2–4
Civilians reported injured
2
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
24 February 2024
Incident Code
USYEMBi015
Location
شامير, Shamir, Taiz, Yemen
One civilian was killed and between six and seven others, including at least one child, were injured by alleged US-UK airstrikes on a telecommunications site in the Shamir area in the Maqbanah District on February 24, 2024. Anadolu Agency quoted the Houthi Al-Masirah satellite channel which reported that "a citizen (civilian) was killed and 6…
Summary
Published
24 February 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
Infrastructure
Resources
(
Power Station
)
Civilians reported killed
1
Civilians reported injured
6–7
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
UK Military
,
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
24 February 2024
Incident Code
USYEMBi016
Location
حي صوفان, Sofan, Sana'a, Yemen
Two civilians were injured by an alleged US-UK strike on the Sofan neighborhood of Sana'a on February 24, 2024. Abdullah Ahmad Obaidi Al Rabi’i posted on Facebook that "on my way back home in the Sofan neighborhood, I encountered this missile strike by the American-British aggression occurring dozens of meters away in a densely populated…
Summary
Published
24 February 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
Infrastructure
Agriculture
(
Factory
)
Civilians reported injured
2
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
,
UK Military
View Incident
→
Incident Date
24 February 2024
Incident Code
USSOM420
Location
Jilib Marka, Lower Shabelle, Somalia
On the 24th of February, 2024, the Federal Government of Somalia released a statement claiming that attacks by Somali government forces and international partner forces, conducted early in the morning of the same day, had killed 30 Al-Shabaab militants at a meeting point in the village of Jilib Marka, in the Lower Shabelle region of…
Summary
Published
24 February 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Military actors reported killed
30
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
15 February 2024
Incident Code
USSOM418
Location
Jilib, Middle Juba, Somalia
Two Cuban doctors, general medicine specialist Assel Herrera and surgeon Landy Rodriguez, were reportedly killed in a declared U.S. airstrike (possibly drone strike) conducted around 12:05am on the 15th of February 2024 in the town of Jilib, in the region of Middle Juba, Somalia. The militant group Al-Shabaab stated via Telegram that it had captured…
Summary
Published
15 February 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Civilians reported killed
2
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
9 February 2024
Incident Code
USSOM417
Location
in the vicinity of the village of Yaq Dabel, Lower Juba, Somalia
On the 9th of February, 2024, U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) conducted an airstrike against Al-Shabaab near the village of Yaq Dabel, located to the west of the city of Kismayo in Lower Juba, Somalia. AFRICOM released a statement on the 14th of February regarding the strike which made reference to an initial post-strike assessment that…
Summary
Published
9 February 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
2
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
3 February 2024
Incident Code
CI883
Location
منطقة السكك، القائم, Al-Sikak area, Al-Qaim, Al-Anbar, Iraq
Up to three civilians were reported killed and up to 15 others were wounded by declared US airstrikes on the Al-Sikak area in the city of Al-Qaim, Iraq early in the morning on February 3, 2024. Between three and five medical personnel in the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) were also allegedly killed. Another 11 PMF…
Summary
Published
3 February 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
Infrastructure
Healthcare
Civilians reported killed
1–3
Civilians reported injured
11–15
Military actors reported killed
11
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
2 February 2024
Incident Code
USYEMBi014
Location
مزارع الجار, ِAl Jar farms, Hajjah, Yemen
A farm worker was injured by alleged US-UK airstrikes on a farm in the “Al-Jar Farms” area in Abs District on February 2, 2024. According to Jameel Ahmad, American-British fighter jets launched four airstrikes against former President "Ali Saleh’s farm in the “Al-Jar Farms” area in Abs District," which was a farm that the Houthis…
Summary
Published
2 February 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
Infrastructure
Agriculture
Civilians reported injured
1
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
,
UK Military
View Incident
→
Incident Date
24 January 2024
Incident Code
USSOM413
Location
the town of Gal Hareri, Galguduud, Somalia
On the 25th of January, 2024, an alleged Somali or US drone or air strike was conducted against the Al-Shabaab militant group in the town of Gal Hereri, in the Galgaduud region of Central Somalia, killing at least 20 militants, according to Somali regional and military officials. One woman, Maido Yusuf Abdulle, was reported to…
Summary
Published
24 January 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Civilians reported killed
1–10
Civilians reported injured
0–10
Military actors reported killed
20–30
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
24 January 2024
Incident Code
USSOM415
Location
Remorse area in the vicinity of Caad, Mudug, Somalia
On the 24th of January, 2024, U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) conducted an airstrike against Al-Shabaab in a remote area near the town of Caad in the Mudug region of eastern Somalia. AFRICOM stated that six Al-Shabaab militants were killed in the strike and assessed that no civilians were injured or killed. AFRICOM released a statement…
Summary
Published
24 January 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
6
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
21 January 2024
Incident Code
USSOM414
Location
35 km northeast of Kismayo, Lower Juba, Somalia
On January 21st, 2024, US Africa Command (AFRICOM) conducted a drone strike against the Al-Shabaab militant group 35 kilometers northeast of the city of Kismayo in the Lower Juba region of Somalia, reportedly killing three militants. To date, there have been no reports of civilian casualties in connection to the strike. Two days later, on…
Summary
Published
21 January 2024
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Military actors reported killed
3
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
17 December 2023
Incident Code
USSOM410
Location
near to Jilib, Middle Juba, Somalia
On the 17th of December, 2023, a declared U.S. airstrike reportedly killed an Al-Shabaab leader, Maalim Ayman, near Jilib in southern Somalia. On the same day as the airstrike, United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) released a statement on its website, stating that the airstrike had been conducted “in coordination with the Federal Government of Somalia,…
Summary
Published
17 December 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Military actors reported killed
1
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
23 September 2023
Incident Code
USSOM407
Location
Elbur, Galguduud, Somalia
An unknown number of Al-Shabaab members, including top leaders, were reportedly killed by airstrikes allegedly carried out by the US and/or Somali military on Elbur in Galgaduud province on September 23, 2023. There have been no reports of civilian casualties connected to the strikes. On the 23rd of September, 2023, the Somali Ministry of Defense…
Summary
Published
23 September 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
2
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
23 September 2023
Incident Code
USSOM408
Location
Shabeelow village, Mudug, Somalia
More than 30 Al-Shabaab militants were killed in an airstrike declared by Somali forces on Shabeelow village, located in the Mudug region of central eastern Somalia on the 23rd of September 2023, according to the Somali Ministry of Defense. Whilst an exact number of casualties was not given, the Ministry of Defense statement reported that…
Summary
Published
23 September 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
31
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
23 September 2023
Incident Code
USSOM406
Location
Villages of Balal-Dheer, El-Gambar, and Mililiqo, Galguduud, Somalia
Local and official sources alleged that 27 al-Shabaab militants were killed by operations and airstrikes declared by the Somali military in the villages of Balal-Dheer, El-Gambar, and Mililiqo on September 22, 2023. On Friday the 22nd of September, 2023, the Somali Ministry of Defense posted a statement on X / Twitter that “over 27 Khawarij…
Summary
Published
23 September 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
27
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
22 September 2023
Incident Code
USSOM405
Location
Wajid District, Bakool, Somalia
The militant organization Al-Shabaab claimed that U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) had conducted an airstrike against the terrorist network on 22nd of September, 2023. The group alleged that the airstrike, carried out in the Wajid district of Bakool in southwestern Somalia, had reportedly killed eight civilians, including six children. However, the Somalia government declared their responsibility…
Summary
Published
22 September 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Civilians reported killed
8
Military actors reported killed
1–8
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
10 September 2023
Incident Code
USSOM404
Location
Forward Operating Base in Awdhegle district, Lower Shabelle, Somalia
Scores of militants were killed by alleged US drone strikes near Forward Operation Base in #Awdhegle district on September 10, 2023. A tweet from @HornSentinel reported that US drones carried out two strikes against al-Shabaab fighter who had stormed the Somali National Army (SNA) Forward Operation Base in #Awdhegle district, resulting in the death of…
Summary
Published
10 September 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Military actors reported killed
0–7
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
6 September 2023
Incident Code
USSOM403
Location
Oodweyn, Mudug, Somalia
Up to seven civilians, including up to five children and a woman, were killed and up to five others, including children, were injured during an operation that has been declared by the Somali government. The US has denied directly participating in the operation despite accusations of US drone/air strikes, while the Somali government has denied…
Summary
Published
6 September 2023
Strike Type
Ground operation
,
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Infrastructure
Agriculture
Civilians reported killed
1–7
Civilians reported injured
1–5
Military actors reported killed
2–3
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
,
Planted explosives and unexploded ordnance (UXO)
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
2 September 2023
Incident Code
USSOM402
Location
Xerta Sheikh Mohamed Rage Center, about 500 meters south of Dumaaye village, Mudug, Somalia
Somali state media reported that 167 al-Shabaab militants were killed by Somali airstrikes in collaboration with “international partners” near Harardhere town on September 2, 2023. al-Shabaab instead identified those killed as four inmates in a prison, adding that seven others were injured, while a local source attributed the airstrike to the US military. @HarunMaruf quoted…
Summary
Published
2 September 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
0–167
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
26 August 2023
Incident Code
USSOM401
Location
in the vicinity of Seiera, Lower Juba, Somalia
13 al-Shabaab militants were killed by declared US airstrikes in the vicinity of Seiera in Lower Jubba on August 26, 2023. AFRICOM announced that "At the request of the Federal Government of Somalia, U.S. Africa Command conducted a collective self-defense airstrike against al Shabaab terrorists in the vicinity of Seiera, Somalia, approximately 45 kilometers northwest…
Summary
Published
26 August 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
13
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
20 August 2023
Incident Code
USSOM398
Location
Buk Akable settlement, Hiiraan, Somalia
Mepa News reported that according to local sources, US airstrikes on the Buk Akable settlement resulted in the death of three civilians, including women and children, and the injury of seven others. The source stated that Somalia government media was claiming that those killed were members of al-Shabaab and that AFRICOM has not released a…
Summary
Published
20 August 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Civilians reported killed
3
Civilians reported injured
7
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
15 August 2023
Incident Code
USSOM397
Location
in a remote area near Cali Heele, Galguduud, Somalia
Five al-Shabaab militants were reportedly killed by declared US airstrikes near Cali Heele in the Galgaduud region on August 15, 2023 AFRICOM released a statement that "At the request of the Federal Government of Somalia, U.S. Africa Command conducted a collective self-defense airstrike in a remote area near Cali Heele, approximately 244 kilometers North East…
Summary
Published
15 August 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
5
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
24 July 2023
Incident Code
USSOM396
Location
in the Bisig Adde settlement of Buurhakabe district, Bay, Somalia
Mepa News reported that US airstrikes on the Bisig Adde settlement of Buurhakabe district on July 24, 2023 bombarded civilian areas, resulting in the death of 5 civilians, including children, and the injury of 10 civilians. Images posted by the source show multiple injured civilians being treated. No other sources reported on this incident.
Summary
Published
24 July 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Civilians reported killed
5
Civilians reported injured
10
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
19 July 2023
Incident Code
USSOM394
Location
near Hareeri Kalle, Galguduud, Somalia
Between five and 100 militants were killed and several others were injured by declared US airstrikes and Somali ground operations near Hareeri Kalle in July 19, 2023. AFRICOM released a statement that "At the request of the Federal Government of Somalia, U.S. Africa Command conducted a collective self-defense airstrike in a remote area near Hareeri…
Summary
Published
19 July 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
5–100
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
12 July 2023
Incident Code
USSOM393
Location
Weelmarow Village, Lower Juba, Somalia
Kenyans.co.ke reported that a joint operation by US Commandos, Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) and the Security Forces in Jubaland resulted in the death of 17 al-Shabaab militants in Weelmarow Village in Lower Juba. The source added that the majority of the al-Shabaab militants were Kenyan and Ethiopian natives. No other sources reported on the incident.
Summary
Published
12 July 2023
Strike Type
Ground operation
,
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
17
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
,
Small arms and light weapons
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
8–9 July, 2023
Incident Code
USSOM392
Location
near Afmadow, Lower Juba, Somalia
Between 10 and 40 militants were killed by declared US airstrikes near Afmadow in Lower Juba on July 8, 2023. AFRICOM announced on July 9, 2023 that "At the request of the Federal Government of Somalia, U.S. Africa Command conducted three collective self-defense airstrikes overnight in a remote area near Afmadow, approximately 105 kilometers north…
Summary
Published
8 July 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
10–40
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
22 June 2023
Incident Code
USYEMBi012
Location
الكور, Al-Kour, Shabwa, Yemen
Three Al Qaeda members were killed by alleged US drone strikes on the Al-Kour area in Shabwa on June 22, 2023. 26sep News reported that American strikes on the Al-Kour area in Shabwa resulted in the death of three Al Qaeda members. There are no additional details about those who were killed available. All of…
Summary
Published
22 June 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Military actors reported killed
3
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
16 June 2023
Incident Code
USSOM389
Location
14 km from Jamame district, Lower Juba, Somalia
43 al-Shabaab militants were killed by alleged US airstrikes near Jamaane District in Lower Jubba on June 16, 2023. Garowe Online reported that airstrike carried out by the US struck a location where al-Shabaab militants were holding a meeting in Jamaane District in Lower Jubba, killing "several" militants. @SONNALIVE specified that the airstrikes occurred around…
Summary
Published
16 June 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
Military actors reported killed
43
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
16–17 June, 2023
Incident Codes
USSOM390 KS001
Location
Saakow, Middle Juba, Somalia
A civilian was injured by alleged Kenyan or United Arab Emirates or US airstrike on Saakow in Middle Jubba on June 16/17, 2023. Horn Observer reported that a civilian was injured by airstrikes in Saakow, possibly carried out by Kenya, the United Arab Emirates, or the US. Hormuud, Somalia’s largest telecom provider, also announced that…
Summary
Published
16 June 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Infrastructure
Civilians reported injured
1
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
Incident Date
16–17 June, 2023
Incident Codes
USSOM391 KS002
Location
Salagle, Middle Juba, Somalia
Two civilian women were killed and two children were injured by alleged Kenyan or United Arab Emirates or US airstrikes on Salagle in Middle Jubba on June 16, 2023. The Horn Observer reported that two civilians, a mother and her child, were killed and two other children sustained injuries from airstrikes on Salagle. A tweet…
Summary
Published
16 June 2023
Strike Type
Airstrike
(
Drone Strike
)
Civilians reported killed
2
Civilians reported injured
2
Causes of Death / Injury
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Military Actor
U.S. Forces
View Incident
→
←
1
2
3
4
5
6
…
31
→
