Civilian Casualties

Civilian Casualties

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Incident Code

RS480

Incident date

January 27, 2016

Location

أبو حمام, Abu Hamam, Deir ez-Zor, Syria

Geolocation

34.82365, 40.65961 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four civilians including one women and two children were killed and several others injured in an alleged Russian airstrike on the al Shaitat area of Abu Hamam, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently.

The Syrian Observatory reported the deaths of two children, one woman and one man in a Russian raid on the town.

Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently also put the death toll – again blaming Russian warplanes – at four and named one child victim.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Rimas Abd Al Razzak Al Ali
Child male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    5
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Rimas Abd Al Razzak Al Ali, killed by an alleged Russia raid on 27th January 2016. (via, Deir Ezzor is being Slaughtered Silently)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

In its military report published on 1st February 2016, the Kremlin said: “In the course of the last week, the Russian aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 468 combat sorties engaging 1354 terrorists’ infrastructural facilities in the Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Raqqah, Daraa and Deir ez-Zor provinces. Among them – 24 ones were carried out by Tu-22M3 long-range bombers from the Russian territory…Long-range bomber aviation aircraft supported units of the Syrian governmental troops which defended the city of Deir ez-Zor. The airstrikes carried out by Tu-22M3 bombers from the territory of the Russian Federation jointly with tactical aviation from the Hmeymim airbase, engaged 23 important terrorists’ objects in that district. The attempt of terrorists to assault Deir ez-Zor was frustrated.“

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    5
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS481

Incident date

January 27, 2016

Location

حي الطحطوح, Al Tahtu (Deir ez-Zor), Deir ez-Zor, Syria

Geolocation

35.3142322, 40.1628184 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Amid multiple air raids on civilian towns in Deiz ez-Zor, Russian warplanes are alleged to have killed an adult male civilian at Al Tahtu.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Abdallah Elaytan
Adult male named by Deir Ezzor 24 killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Abdallah Elaytan, killed in an alleged Russian raid on 27th January 2016. (via, Deir Ezzor 24)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

In its military report published on 1st February 2016, the Kremlin said: “In the course of the last week, the Russian aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 468 combat sorties engaging 1354 terrorists’ infrastructural facilities in the Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Raqqah, Daraa and Deir ez-Zor provinces. Among them – 24 ones were carried out by Tu-22M3 long-range bombers from the Russian territory…Long-range bomber aviation aircraft supported units of the Syrian governmental troops which defended the city of Deir ez-Zor. The airstrikes carried out by Tu-22M3 bombers from the territory of the Russian Federation jointly with tactical aviation from the Hmeymim airbase, engaged 23 important terrorists’ objects in that district. The attempt of terrorists to assault Deir ez-Zor was frustrated.“

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS482

Incident date

January 27, 2016

Location

كفر لاها, Al Houla, Homs, Syria

Geolocation

34.8943617, 36.4957666 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Six civilians including one woman and two children (a boy and a girl) were killed in alleged Russian airstrikes on Kafr Laha, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.

The Observatory initially reported that five non-combatants died when “warplanes believed to be Russian which targeted places in Kafr Laha village at al-Houla.” They then reported that this had risen to six and that the death toll was expected to rise because some people were in a critical condition.

Activists told Shaam News that warplanes struck the towns of “al Houla and Deir Foul which led to the death of 3 martyrs and 40 wounded in al Houla.”

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Fahimah Ibrahim Yousuf
50 years old killed
Samer Abdul Bari Harba
38 years old killed
Riad Alaa Ibrahim
32 years old killed
Amal Ahmed Alsayedali
13 years old killed
Mohamed Mahmoud Younis
6 years old male killed
Umm Hassan A’armoush
Age unknown displaced from Homs killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6
  • (2 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    41–40
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Footage of an injured man receiving medical support following an alleged Russian raid on Al Houla, 27th January 2016. (via, Homs Media Centre)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Distressing footage of injured and deceased civilians in a chaotic medical facility following an alleged Russian raid on Al Houla, 27th January 2016. (via, Homs Media Centre)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Footage of a seriously injured child following an alleged Russian raid on Al Houla, 27th January 2016. (via, Homs Media Centre)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The immediate aftermath of the alleged Russian raid on Al Houla, 27th January 2016. Injured civilians shown being taken from the scene. (via, Homs Media Centre)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Footage of the aftermath of the alleged Russian raid. Some similar images can be seen as the previous source. (via, Aleppo Media Centre)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

In its military report published on 1st February 2016, the Kremlin said: “In the course of the last week, the Russian aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 468 combat sorties engaging 1354 terrorists’ infrastructural facilities in the Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Raqqah, Daraa and Deir ez-Zor provinces. Among them – 24 ones were carried out by Tu-22M3 long-range bombers from the Russian territory…In the Vadi Kaddahat plain (Homs province), after the UAV confirmation of the data received from the Syrian governmental troops concerning a terrorists’ strong point, the object was engaged. Objective monitoring data registered destruction of two automobile vehicles with large-caliber machine guns and elimination of 10 militants.“

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6
  • (2 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    41–40
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS478

Incident date

January 27, 2016

Location

محيميدة, Mahimideh, Deir ez-Zor, Syria

Geolocation

35.44294, 40.08619 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently claimed Russian planes returned and targeted a funeral procession which was being held “for the martyrs of the massacre carried out by the Russian in the village of Mhimideh a few hours ago.” Al Jisir TV also reported that the town was hit with a second wave of Russian attacks.

The Shaam News Network reported on an earlier incident that day, putting the initial death toll at 25 people, who died when Russian aircraft allegedly targeted civilian houses and popular market near the town police station with several airstrikes. 

Also see incident above.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

In its military report published on 1st February 2016, the Kremlin said: “In the course of the last week, the Russian aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 468 combat sorties engaging 1354 terrorists’ infrastructural facilities in the Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Raqqah, Daraa and Deir ez-Zor provinces. Among them – 24 ones were carried out by Tu-22M3 long-range bombers from the Russian territory…Long-range bomber aviation aircraft supported units of the Syrian governmental troops which defended the city of Deir ez-Zor. The airstrikes carried out by Tu-22M3 bombers from the territory of the Russian Federation jointly with tactical aviation from the Hmeymim airbase, engaged 23 important terrorists’ objects in that district. The attempt of terrorists to assault Deir ez-Zor was frustrated.“

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS479

Incident date

January 27, 2016

Location

ميادين, Al Mayadeen, Deir ez-Zor, Syria

Geolocation

35.01982, 40.45154 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

At least one civilian was killed and several members of his family injured in an alleged Russian airstrike on Al Mayadeen, according to Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently.

Alaan TV reported “the deaths of dozens of victims and wounded, including civilians and members of Daesh.”

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Hussein Majed
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

In its military report published on 1st February 2016, the Kremlin said: “In the course of the last week, the Russian aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 468 combat sorties engaging 1354 terrorists’ infrastructural facilities in the Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Raqqah, Daraa and Deir ez-Zor provinces. Among them – 24 ones were carried out by Tu-22M3 long-range bombers from the Russian territory…Long-range bomber aviation aircraft supported units of the Syrian governmental troops which defended the city of Deir ez-Zor. The airstrikes carried out by Tu-22M3 bombers from the territory of the Russian Federation jointly with tactical aviation from the Hmeymim airbase, engaged 23 important terrorists’ objects in that district. The attempt of terrorists to assault Deir ez-Zor was frustrated.“

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS476

Incident date

January 27, 2016

Location

الخريطة, Al Khareeta, Deir ez-Zor, Syria

Geolocation

34.70014, 40.79364 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three or more civilians including 2 to 3 women and one child were killed in alleged Russian airstrikes on Al Khareeta, according to three sources.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights said the victims died when “suspected Russian warplanes” fired missiles on Al Khareeta. Both the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently also put the death toll at three and reported that the attack was carried out by Russian warplanes.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Subha Al Ali Al Hassan
Adult female named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently killed
Subha Al Mohammad al Sallouh
Adult female named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently killed
Mohammad Ali Al Shawwakh
Child male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (1 child2–3 women)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

In its military report published on 1st February 2016, the Kremlin said: “In the course of the last week, the Russian aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 468 combat sorties engaging 1354 terrorists’ infrastructural facilities in the Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Raqqah, Daraa and Deir ez-Zor provinces. Among them – 24 ones were carried out by Tu-22M3 long-range bombers from the Russian territory…Long-range bomber aviation aircraft supported units of the Syrian governmental troops which defended the city of Deir ez-Zor. The airstrikes carried out by Tu-22M3 bombers from the territory of the Russian Federation jointly with tactical aviation from the Hmeymim airbase, engaged 23 important terrorists’ objects in that district…The attempt of terrorists to assault Deir ez-Zor was frustrated.“

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (1 child2–3 women)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS477

Incident date

January 27, 2016

Location

محيميدة, Mahimideh, Deir ez-Zor, Syria

Geolocation

35.44294, 40.08619 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the number killed in raids carried out by “several warplanes believed to be Russian” on neighborhoods in Deir ez-Zor had risen to 27. They said this included three children and nine women.

Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently published several reports on the incident in which they said that Russia was responsible. The put the final death toll at 30 civilians.

According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights alongside the dead no less than 20 were injured, when alleged Russian warplanes launched several rockets on the town.

Thirty two victims have been named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC, including:

Two unidentified women and 5 more unidentified bodies

 

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Mohamamd Al Raheel Mhaymed
Age unknown male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Shalash Al Raheel Mhaymed
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

Family members (2)

Nidal Al Hussani
Adult male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
His son Yahya
Age unknown male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

Family members (2)

Awwad Al Jaber el Salameh
Adult male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Son of Awwad Al Jaber el Salameh
Age unknown male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

Family members (2)

Awwad Al Madloul
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Son of Awwad Al Madloul
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

Family members (7)

Member of the Al Saalo family 1
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saalo family 2
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saalo family 3
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saalo family 4
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saalo family 5
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saalo family 6
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saalo family 7
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

Family members (4)

Member of the Al Saboun family 1
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saboun family 2
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saboun family 3
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Saboun family 4
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

Family members (5)

Member of the Al Hbashans [or Habshan] family 1
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Hbashans [or Habshan] family 2
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Hbashans [or Habshan] family 3
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Hbashans [or Habshan] family 4
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of the Al Hbashans [or Habshan] family 5
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

Family members (3)

Hussein al Khanjar
Age unknown male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of Hussein al Khanjar family 1
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Member of Hussein al Khanjar family 2
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

The victims were named as:

Abdullah Subhi Al Habshan
Age unknown male named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Hammada Hammoud Al ‘Urua
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Taleb al Ramadan
Age unknown named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
The wife of Sheikh Al Ali Al Saleh
Age unknown female named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed
Mohamad
Age unknown male from al Hussan village, named by Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently and VDC killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    27 – 32
  • (3 children9 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    20
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Photo of an alleged Russian raid on Mahimideh, January 27th 2016. (via, Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

In its military report published on 1st February 2016, the Kremlin said: “In the course of the last week, the Russian aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 468 combat sorties engaging 1354 terrorists’ infrastructural facilities in the Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Raqqah, Daraa and Deir ez-Zor provinces. Among them – 24 ones were carried out by Tu-22M3 long-range bombers from the Russian territory…Long-range bomber aviation aircraft supported units of the Syrian governmental troops which defended the city of Deir ez-Zor. The airstrikes carried out by Tu-22M3 bombers from the territory of the Russian Federation jointly with tactical aviation from the Hmeymim airbase, engaged 23 important terrorists’ objects in that district. The attempt of terrorists to assault Deir ez-Zor was frustrated.“

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    27 – 32
  • (3 children9 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    20
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS473

Incident date

January 27, 2016

Location

المرج, Marj, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.4941662, 36.4698029 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A single source, the White Helmets, reported that one child, named as Hussan Murad, was killed and several other civilians injured in alleged airstrikes by Russian warplanes on the Marj area of eastern Ghouta. VDC said the boy died “Due to the regime air forces’ shelling,” while the Damascus media office described 10 strikes by unspecified warplanes.

According to the White Helmets the towns of Hazrama, Otaya and Al Mayda’ani were also targeted.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Hussan Murad
Child male named by the White Helmets killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Moments after the alleged Russian raid fell on Marj. (via, Damascus Media Centre)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

In its military report published on 1st February 2016, the Kremlin said: “In the course of the last week, the Russian aircraft in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 468 combat sorties engaging 1354 terrorists’ infrastructural facilities in the Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Raqqah, Daraa and Deir ez-Zor provinces. Among them – 24 ones were carried out by Tu-22M3 long-range bombers from the Russian territory…Near Jabal Batra (Damascus province), a Su-24M bomber engaged a fuel station and a POL storage of the Jaysh al-Islam illegal armed grouping. The direct hit destroyed the facility.“

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (3) [ collapse]