Civilian Casualties

Civilian Casualties

Belligerent
Country
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

CS040

Incident date

January 5, 2015

Location

معرحطاط, Ma`arr Hitat, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.575381, 36.658974 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Syrian Martyrs website, lists one civilian male as a victim of a coalition strike. It is unclear whether he was killed in his home town of Ma’ar Hatat in Idlib or in Raqqa.

However, the original listing in Damascus Centre for Human Rights Studies lists him as a militant from Idlib – and reports that he was killed in ‘clashes with the regime’.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Discounted
    Those killed were combatants, or other parties most likely responsible.
  • Suspected attacker
    US-led Coalition

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

The alleged Coalition airstrike was reported to have taken place in the village Ma’ar Hatat ( معرحطاط), Idlib district. The location for the midpoint of the village is: 35.575381, 36.658974

  • The village of Ma’ar Hatat ( معرحطاط)

    Imagery:
    © 2018 Google

US-led Coalition Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    US-led Coalition
  • US-led Coalition position on incident
    Non credible / Unsubstantiated
    Insufficient information to assess that, more likely than not, a Coalition strike resulted in civilian casualties.
  • Reason for non-credible assessment
    No Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area
  • Civilian deaths conceded
    None
  • Civilian injuries conceded
    None
  • Stated location
    near Ma’arr Hitat, Idlib, Syria
    Nearest population center
  • Location accuracy
    100 m
  • MGRS coordinate
    37SBV878393
    Military Grid Reference System

Civilian casualty statements

US-led Coalition
  • Jul 26, 2018
  • After a review of available information it was assessed that no Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area that correspond to the report of civilian casualties.

Original strike reports

US-led Coalition

No coalition airstrikes have officially been confirmed as occurring in Idlib governorate between January 4th-5th or 5th-6th 2015.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Discounted
    Those killed were combatants, or other parties most likely responsible.
  • Suspected attacker
    US-led Coalition

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LC013

Incident date

January 5, 2015

Location

درنة‎: ميناء درنه, Derna Port, Derna, Libya

Geolocation

32.7798944, 22.70505 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Exact location (via Airwars) level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

GNC planes allegedly bombed a Greek oil tanker killing a Greek engine cadet and a Romanian seaman on board, according to local media. Two Filipinos aboard were injured according to The Telegraph. Shorouk News reported a third person had been wounded.

The Telegraph provided significant details on the event, reporting that a 29-year old Greek engine cadet and unidentified Romanian seamen were killed when a rocket exploded on the deck of the ARAEVO, owned by Athens-based Aegean Shipping Management. Two Filipino nationals were also injured aboard the vessel, which was carrying 12,600 tones of crude oil when it was hit. Military officials allied with Libya’s internationally recognised government told Reuters the vessel had been warned not to enter the port and claimed it had been transporting Islamist militants to the city of Derna. But Libya’s National Oil Company said the tanker had only been delivering fuel and claimed that the relevant authorities had been informed of its arrival.

While most sources blamed the GNC for the attack, Erem News reported that the LNA was responsible for the raid, quoting their Major Mohammed Hijazi a number of our military officials directed our warnings, not to approach the ports of cities controlled by the Fajr of Libya and its loyalists, and that any piece of marine will become a legitimate target of the air force.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Libyan National Army, General National Congress (GNC)

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention an airstrike targeting an oil tanker five kilometers off the coast of Derna’s port (درنة‎). After investigating visual material from sources, we narrowed this location down to 32.7798944, 22.70505.

  • Reports of the incident mention an airstrike targeting an oil tanker five kilometers off the coast of Derna’s port (درنة‎)

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

General National Congress (GNC) Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    General National Congress (GNC)
  • General National Congress (GNC) position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Libyan National Army, General National Congress (GNC)

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LC012

Incident date

January 3, 2015

Location

ميناء السدرة, Port Sidra, Sirte, Libya

Geolocation

30.6371656, 18.334976 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Alwasat reported armed clashes around the port of Sidra between fighters guarding the oil ports and the LNA which were accompanied by three LNA airstrikes.

Alfakhiri claimed on Twitter that two children were killed in the attack but didn’t add further details.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 children)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention an airstrike targeting near Sidra Port (ميناء السدرة) in Libya’s Sirte District (سرت‎). The generic coordinates for Sidra Port are: 30.6371656, 18.334976. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 children)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LC011

Incident date

January 3, 2015

Location

مصراتة: مصراتة ميناء, Misurata Port, Misurata, Libya

Geolocation

32.3610975, 15.2204999 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Exact location (via Airwars) level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

According to various sources, LNA jets struck different positions in Misurata’s port, resulting in the injury of two civilians – reportedly employees at the port.

Al Jazeera reported: The forces of the retired Libyan brigade General, Khalifa Haftar, announced responsibility for air strikes on the western port of Misurata on Saturday claiming that it was used for ‘terrorist purposes. We have repeated more than once that if the port of Misurata becomes a danger, we will shell it, said the spokesman of the Hafar forces. On Saturday, the air force struck the port because of its use of transporting weapons, ammunition and terrorist elements.

Reuters, Al Wasat and Al Nabaa reported that two port employees were injured, while other sources mentioned no civilian casualties or injuries but “heavy losses” for the Libya Dawn militia.

The incident occured at approximately 11:00 am local time.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (3) [ collapse]

  • A TV report on airstrikes targeted Misurata city - Translation: Two airstrikes targeted Misrata city, one in the morning and one an hour ago targeted the port which resulted in injured two workers (Source: Al Nabaa TV)
  • Translation: LNA air forces targeted a warehouse of weapons in Emara Misrata at the airport without any casualties occurred (source: Noman Benotman)
  • Another picture of the warehouse (via Noman Benotman)

Geolocation notes (3) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention an airstrike targeting Misurata Port (ميناء مصراتة). After investigating visual evidence from sources, we narrowed down this location to the southwestern edge of a warehouse on a pier at Misurata Port, the exact coordinates for which are: 32.3610975, 15.2204999.

  • Photo from scene of airstrike

    Imagery:
    Witness

  • Photo from scene of airstrike. The features marked by tags F and G intersect behind the silver car.

    Imagery:
    Witness

  • Satellite imagery showing distribution of features tagged in photos from scene of airstrike.

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

CI027

Incident date

January 2, 2015

Location

الفرحانية, Villages of Al-Farhaniya and al-Subaihat, Salah al-Din, Iraq

Geolocation

33.907385, 44.181475 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

An airstrike by an unspecified belligerent reportedly killed 12 civilians including women and children, and wounded an additional 23. The deaths occurred during an Iraqi government offensive against Islamic State.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    12
  • Civilians reported injured
    23
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    US-led Coalition, Iraq Government Forces

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the villages of Alfarhanah (الفرحانية) and Subaihat (الصبيحات) in the Ishaqi district, South of Tikrit, Salah Al Din province. The location for the Syied Khareeb ( سيد غرايب ) area North West of the Dejeil district, South of Tikrit: 33.907385, 44.181475. Satellite imagery available to Airwars shows visible structural damage to a building at the coordinates 33.908549, 44.180139, between 2014 and 2016. The year long window means this may be a separate incident, however, it should not be discounted.

US-led Coalition Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    US-led Coalition
  • US-led Coalition position on incident
    Non credible / Unsubstantiated
    Insufficient information to assess that, more likely than not, a Coalition strike resulted in civilian casualties.
  • Reason for non-credible assessment
    No Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area
  • Civilian deaths conceded
    None
  • Civilian injuries conceded
    None
  • Stated location
    near al-Farhaniya and al-Subaihat, Tikrit, Iraq
    Nearest population center
  • Location accuracy
    100 m
  • MGRS coordinate
    38SMC243521
    Military Grid Reference System

Civilian casualty statements

US-led Coalition
  • Jul 26, 2018
  • After a review of available information it was assessed that no Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area that correspond to the report of civilian casualties

Original strike reports

US-led Coalition

No coalition airstrikes were officially reported in the vicinity of Tikrit between January 1st-2nd or 2nd-3rd 2015, and no non-combatant deaths have been conceded.

Iraq Government Forces Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Iraq Government Forces
  • Iraq Government Forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    12
  • Civilians reported injured
    23
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    US-led Coalition, Iraq Government Forces

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

USSOM033

Incident date

December 29, 2014

Location

سااكوو, Saakow, Middle Juba, Somalia

Geolocation

1.637795, 42.452829 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to three senior members of al Shabaab were killed by a US military drone in Saakow, Middle Juba, international media reported. There were no known reports of associated civilian harm.

The US military said that an airstrike had targeted a “senior leader” of the al Shabaab militant group. Somalia’s National Intelligence and Security Agency later identified the target as al Shabaab’s chief of intelligence, known as Abdishakur.

Pentagon press secretary Rear Admiral John Kirby confirmed that the US had killed Abdishakur with drones in a briefing two days after the strike.

The NSA said that both Abdishakur and two other senior members of the group were killed in the strike, according to Bloomberg. An anonymous US official later told Reuters that Abdishakur and one other militant had died. A US defence official told CNN that the strike was carried out by a drone.

The previous week a senior al Shabaab figure also described as the group’s head of intelligence gave himself up to Somali authorities. The US had reportedly offered a $3m reward for information leading to his capture.

In a subsequent FOIA response obtained by journalist Joshua Eaton in May 2019, AFRICOM again confirmed it had carried out a strike on what it says was an “al- Shabaab named objective”, in Sakoow, Somalia.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike, Drone Strike
  • Civilian harm reported
    No
  • Civilians reported killed
    0
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Known attacker
    US Forces
  • Known target
    Al-Shabaab
  • Belligerents reported killed
    2–3

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention that the strike took place near the town Saakow, for which the coordinates are: 1.637795, 42.452829. Due to limited information and satellite imagery available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

US Forces Assessment:

  • Known belligerent
    US Forces
  • US Forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

US Forces

Pentagon officials confirmed today that a high-ranking member of the al-Shabab militant group in Somalia was killed in a Dec. 29 airstrike.
The unmanned U.S. aircraft strike near Saakow, Somalia, killed Tahlil Abdishakur, chief of al-Shabab’s intelligence and security wing, officials said in a statement.
Working from actionable intelligence, U.S. forces struck a vehicle carrying Tahlil with several Hellfire missiles, officials added.
Tahlil was responsible for al-Shabaab's external operations. “His death will significantly impact al-Shabaab's ability to conduct attacks against the government of the Federal Republic of Somalia, the Somali people, and U.S. allies and interests in the region," the Pentagon statement said.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike, Drone Strike
  • Civilian harm reported
    No
  • Civilians reported killed
    0
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Known attacker
    US Forces
  • Known target
    Al-Shabaab
  • Belligerents reported killed
    2–3

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

CS039

Incident date

December 28, 2014

Location

جرابلس, Jarabulus, Cultural center, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.820528, 38.012028 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Exact location (via Airwars) level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

An 8.30pm coalition bombing raid on Jarablos – a major Islamic State hub – destroyed a cultural centre being used as an ISIL headquarters in the town. According to Aleppo News, “According to activists, the strikes caused great devastation in the building in addition to the destruction of two civilian houses in the vicinity. Witnesses confirmed that the targeted building was inhabited by many of the elements of the organization (ISIS) which led to the deaths of most of them and seriously injuring the rest.”

‘Dozens’ of militants were reportedly killed. However civilians were also reportedly being detained at the location. Two women casualties of the coalition strike were named as 30 year old Hiba Raei and Jorieh Hamdan. A third victim, a member of the local KazKaz family, was also cited. He may be Fawaz Al Taha (an 18 year old male reportedly killed by the coalition at either al Bab or Jarablos on December 28th.)

VDC also cited local residents as saying that “an unconfirmed number of detainees were killed during this attack” adding that “several ISIL leaders, one of whom was French (his name could not be obtained) were killed as well. Moreover, Abu Omer al-Shami, the prison governor, who is known as Abu Hadid, appeared to have been injured. Eyewitnesses also said that an F-16 fighter aircraft of the International Coalition appears to have carried out the attack.”

In their February 2020 civilian casualty report, the US-led Coalition assessed reports that they were responsible for civilian harm in this strike as “non-credible”, stating that after a review of all available records it was determined that, more likely than not, civilian casualties did not occur as a result of a Coalition action.

The incident occured at 20:30:00 local time.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (2 women1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    US-led Coalition

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (3) [ collapse]

  • Description (from 0’12”): “the death and injury of dozens of members of ISIL following four strikes on the cultural centre in Jarablos” There is no mention of civilian casualties.
  • Aftermath of the alleged strike (via SNHR)
  • Location of the cultural centre (via VDC)

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the town of Jarablos (جرابلس), Aleppo governorate and that the alleged Coalition airstrike targeted the “cultural centre” building, identified by SNHR as a theatre (المسرح القائم), causing damage to two residential building in the vicinity. The coordinates for Jarablos “cultural centre / theatre” (جرابلس) are: 36.820528, 38.012028

  • Satellite image showing visible damage to the Jarablus “cultural center” building, dated June 4th, 2016

    Imagery:
    © 2018 Google

US-led Coalition Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    US-led Coalition
  • US-led Coalition position on incident
    Non credible / Unsubstantiated
    Insufficient information to assess that, more likely than not, a Coalition strike resulted in civilian casualties.
  • Reason for non-credible assessment
    Other
  • Civilian deaths conceded
    None
  • Civilian injuries conceded
    None
  • MGRS coordinate
    37SDA117751
    Military Grid Reference System

Civilian casualty statements

US-led Coalition
  • Feb 2, 2020
  • Dec. 28, 2014, in Jarabulus. Syria, via Airwars report. After a review of all available records it was determined that, more likely than not, civilian casualties did not occur as a result of a Coalition action. 2389/CS039 37SDA117751

Original strike reports

US-led Coalition

While the coalition initially denied any airstrikes in Aleppo governorate on the night of December 28th 2014, it later conceded to McClatchy that it had bombed Jarablos, in an airstrike it initially described as being “near Kobani” (also see previous event.)

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (2 women1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    US-led Coalition

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

CS038

Incident date

December 28, 2014

Location

الباب, Al-Bab, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.3709658, 37.5179666 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

In one of the the worst known incidents of mass civilian casualties reportedly caused by coalition bombings, at least 51 non-combatants were killed when aircraft struck an Islamic State local headquarters, which was also being used as a temporary prison.

Somewhere between 150 and 400 people were being held by ISIL on petty charges at the time of the 7.45pm attack at the Al Saraya site, it was reported. Multiple sources have confirmed significant civilian casualties in the event. For example news agency McClatchy “located two sources who confirmed a high civilian death toll from the strike. One witness, an activist in Al Bab, gave the death toll as 61 civilian prisoners and 13 Islamic State guards. The Syrian Network for Human Rights estimated the death toll at 80, and said 25 of those were Islamic State Guards and another 55 were either civilians or imprisoned fighters from non-Islamic State rebel groups.”

Recovering the dead and injured from the site took many days according to VDC, which also reported 60 civilians killed: “On the first day more than 20 injured civilians were taken out in addition to 7 injured members of the organisation who were the policemen in the centre. On the second day after the attack more than 13 bodies of civilians were pulled out of the rubble and 37 more bodies of civilians on the following day as well as a number of unidentified bodies. At the time of counting 10 people were still missing.”

Among those killed were men imprisoned by ISIL simply for buying cigarettes. At least four women and a number of teenagers were reportedly among the dead. News agencies and monitoring groups, which gathered biographical details of many of those killed, initially chose not to make public the names of those killed for fear of retaliation by ISIL against surviving relatives.

Between December 28th 2014 and January 10th 2015, the United States concealed the fact that it had carried out any airstrikes at Al Bab on the night in question. Only after “repeated inquiries” by McClatchy did CENTCOM spokesman Colonel Patrick Ryder finally concede that “Coalition aircraft did strike and destroy an ISIL headquarters building in Al Bab on Dec. 28.”

On April 1st 2015, CENTCOM reassessed claims that multiple civilians had been killed in the Al Bab attack, but still concluded that there was “insufficient information to determine CIVCAS.” This was partly justified by citing an Assad regime airstrike on the city 48 hours before the US attack, “which resulted in media reports of CIVCAS as well.”

This new assessment appeared to take little account of detailed investigations carried out by McClatchy, SN4HR and others.

The use of the al-Saraya building as a holding facility for locals had been widely reported long before the US airstrike. Syrian NGOs were damning of the coalition’s actions: “There is no evidence that the International Coalition exerted any effort to ensure that there were no civilians near the building nor to be certain that the building itself was not a secret detention center for ISIL, as was widely known in town,” noted VDC.

33 unidentified non-combatant males and one unidentified civilian woman (40 years old) were listed in addition to the names below.

 

The incident occured at 19:45:00 local time.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    51 – 65
  • (2–4 women30 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    20
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    US-led Coalition

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (6) [ collapse]

  • A satellite image showing the targeted location in Al-Bab city (via al-Bab Lens page)
  • A satellite image showing the targeted location in Al-Bab city (via al-Bab Lens page)
  • An image showing Al-Saraya building in al-Bab city after being targeted (via al-Bab Lens page)
  • Al-Saraya building before bombing (via SNHR)
  • Aftermath of the alleged attack (via SNHR)
  • Aftermath of the alleged attack (via SNHR)

US-led Coalition Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    US-led Coalition
  • US-led Coalition position on incident
    Non credible / Unsubstantiated
    Insufficient information to assess that, more likely than not, a Coalition strike resulted in civilian casualties.
  • Reason for non-credible assessment
    Other
  • Civilian deaths conceded
    None
  • Civilian injuries conceded
    None
  • Stated location
    al Bab City, Syria.
    Nearest population center

Civilian casualty statements

US-led Coalition
  • May 1, 2015
  • Twitter report from ANF accused ISIL of keeping prisoners at a location in Al Bab city that was struck in an airstrike. Violations Documentation Center (VDC): 60 alleged civilians killed in a strike on the Saraya Center. // Webops reported atmospherics from a report that ISIL had kept prisoners at a prison location in AI Bab City that it knew would be targeted by the coalition. // Assessed to be insufficient information to determine CIVCAS. Assessment details the strike in question, but also details a Syrian regime strike conducted in close proximity to al Bab City 48 hours prior to coalition, which resulted in media reports of CIVCAS as well. CAOC assessment provided relevant intel and BDA, which did not confirm CIVCAS.

Original strike reports

US-led Coalition

COALITION-ASSESSED CASUALTY INCIDENT

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    51 – 65
  • (2–4 women30 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    20
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    US-led Coalition

Sources (11) [ collapse]