Civilian Casualties

Civilian Casualties

Belligerent
Country
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

YS095

Incident date

September 4, 2020

Location

العلوة , Alawa, Raqqa, Syria

Airwars assessment

A single source reported that three civilians were injured in alleged YPG strikes on Alawa village, Raqqa governorate, on September 4th, 2020.

Khabour wrote that “three civilians were injured by the bombing of the #PYD_PKK militia on Alawa village west of Tel Abid city, north of Raqqa.”

Currently, further information is unavailable to Airwars.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (1) [ collapse]

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS095

Incident date

June 28, 2020

Location

مارع, Mare’a, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.4828, 37.1964

Airwars assessment

A child was killed after an unexploded shell from earlier shelling by alleged Kurdish forces on the town of Mare’a exploded on June 28th, 2020. It is unclear when exactly the munition was fired.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that it had “documented the death of a child under the age of 18, as a result of the explosion of a shell from the remnants of the previous bombing of the Kurdish forces on the town of Mare’a, which is under the control of the pro-Ankara factions in the northern countryside of Aleppo.”

Local activists told Bawabat Aleppo that the victim was the 14-year-old boy Hamza Ibrahim, who was displaced from the village of Khansasir, south of Aleppo. Bawabat Aleppo pointed to the Syrian Democratic Forces as responsible for the previously unexploded mortar shell.

Bawabat Aleppo added that Syrian Civil Defence teams “went to the location of the explosion to secure it and prevent civilians from approaching, fearing the presence of other bombing remnants.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

14 years old male displaced from village of Khanasir killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Planted explosives and unexploded ordnance (UXO)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the town of Mare’a (مارع), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.4828, 37.1964. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Planted explosives and unexploded ordnance (UXO)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS093

Incident date

March 19, 2020

Location

عفرين, Afrin, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.511389, 36.864167 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A number of civilians including two children were injured in an alleged YPG artillery strike on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 19th, 2020, according to local sources.

The Syrian Civil Defence in Aleppo reported that the 1-year-old Abdel Halim Hassan and 15-year-old Safa Abu Fras were injured in a missile attack that targeted a residential neighborhood of Afrin. SCD teams treated the wounded.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that “Kurdish forces bombed the city of Afrin with rocket-propelled grenades, causing several casualties.”

Bawaba Aleppo blamed the Qasd militia for the attack.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

15 years old female injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • A girl injured in alleged YPG shelling on Afrin in Aleppo on March 19th, 2020 (via @syria7ra)
  • A boy injured in alleged YPG shelling on Afrin in Aleppo on March 19th, 2020 (via @syria7ra)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention strikes on the city of Afrin (عفرين), the generic coordinates for which are: 36.511389, 36.864167. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS092

Incident date

March 18, 2020

Location

عفرين, Afrin, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

Five civilians, including two children and a woman, were killed and up to 17 were injured in alleged YPG artillery strikes on a market in Afrin, north of Aleppo, on March 18th, 2020, according to local sources.

Ibrahim Abu Al-Laith from the media office of the Syrian Civil Defence told Bawaba Aleppo that “five shells landed in a local market in the centre of Afrin, killing five civilians and wounding seven others, in varying conditions, which were transferred to Turkish hospitals.” SCD later published the names of the killed victims on Facebook, including the names of two children, and the names of those wounded.

Step News Agency reported that the Qasd militia targeted Villat Street with grad missiles, killing five civilians and wounding 17. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported 12 injured, including women and children, and material damage in the targeted areas. The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported that the shelling partially destroyed shops and damaged the market’s facilities.

According to TRT Arabi, the Turkish Ministry of Defense stated that three civilians were killed and nine others were injured due to missile shelling with five Grad rockets, blaming the YPG for the attack. However, the Syrian Civil Defence published the names of five killed civilians.

Among the victims were Mohamed Al Sayed (25) and his nephew Abdullah Al Sayed (10). The child Khaled Al Dabaan was also killed. Abdulkarim Al Halabi wrote on Facebook that the 12-year-old boy “dreamed that he would become a [football] player and he always came to practice first, in addition to that he was working in a small shop and he would help his parents.”

Al Modon’s correspondent Muhammad Ayoub reported that “two shells landed near the Dersem Hospital in Al Failat Street, and two shells near the Al Shifa’ Hospital near Mazout Street, and a shell on Mazout Street. It resulted in great material damage in the shops near the site.” Several sources reported that the incident occured in the afternoon.

Step added that “the Syrian Civil Defense teams rushed to the area to help the wounded and the injured and transport them to the field hospitals, while the opposition forces closed the street in the city centre until the injured were transported.”

Bawaba Aleppo blamed the Syrian Democratic Forces for the attack, others more specifically the Al Qasd militia. Edlib Media Center reported that Turkish forces “retaliated with firing several shells at the locations of the Qasd militia in Shwaragha and Meng in the northern countryside of Aleppo.”

The incident occured in the afternoon.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Age unknown male injured

Family members (2)

25 years old male killed
10 years old male nephew of Mohamed Al Sayed killed

The victims were named as:

12 years old male killed
Age unknown male injured
Age unknown male injured
Age unknown male injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • (2 children3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    7–17
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (28) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (26) [ collapse]

  • Damage at the market after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo).
  • Damaged market stalls after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo).
  • Damaged market stalls after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo).
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo).
  • Smoke after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo).
  • Site of impact after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo).
  • Site of impact after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers recovering the bodies of killed victims and helping wounded civilians after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Firemen distinguishing fire after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers and civilians helping the wounded after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers carrying an injured boy into an ambulance after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Step News Agency).
  • Destruction after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Step News Agency).
  • Destroyed vehicle after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Step News Agency).
  • Civilians carrying victims out of a hit market stall after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via Step News Agency).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Wounded man receiving medical help after alleged YPG artillery strikes on a market in Afrin, March 18th, 2020 (via Jeser News).
  • Wounded man in presumably a hospital after alleged YPG artillery strikes on a market in Afrin, March 18th, 2020 (via Jeser News).
  • Presumably an injured man after alleged YPG artillery strikes on a market in Afrin, March 18th, 2020 (via Jeser News).
  • Footage of alleged YPG shelling on the city of Afrin on March 18th, 2002 (via Jeser Press).
  • Damage at the market after alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via @tcsavunma).
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin city, Aleppo governorate, on March 18th, 2020 (via @tcsavunma).
  • Wounded boy receiving medical help after alleged YPG artillery strikes on the city of Afrin on March 18th, 2020 (via Mustafa Sheikho on Facebook).
  • Man wounded in alleged YPG artillery strikes on the city of Afrin on March 18th, 2020 (via Mustafa Sheikho on Facebook).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Abdul Salam Hamsho, from the village of Meng, was killed in alleged YPG artillery strikes on the city of Afrin on March 18th, 2020 (via Ahora Mazda on Facebook).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Mohamed Al Sayed and his nephew Abdullah Al Sayed (10) were killed in alleged YPG artillery strikes on Afrin, March 18th, 2020 (via Sami Al Boush on Facebook).

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • (2 children3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    7–17
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (28) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS091

Incident date

March 6, 2020

Location

عفرين, Afrin, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.511389, 36.864167 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to three civilians were reported injured in alleged YPG shelling on Afrin city in Aleppo, Syria on March 6th, 2020, according to local sources.

@Step_Agency said that “two civilians were wounded due to the artillery shelling that targeted the city of Afrin, north of Aleppo, from the militia points of Qasd surrounding the area.”

@afrinnow tweeted that “two civilians were wounded by two shells shortly before in the city of Afrin, which came from the regime-controlled areas and the YPG.”

Whereas Macro Media Center only reported one wounded civilian, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights put the injury toll at three, writing that “this evening [March 6], Kurdish forces shelled residential neighbourhoods in the city of Afrin, which is controlled by pro-Turkish factions, wounding three people with varying injuries.”

The incident occured in the evening.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (4) [ collapse]

  • Aftermath of alleged YPG shelling on Afrin in Aleppo on March 6th, 2020 (via MMC)
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers on duty after alleged YPG shelling on Afrin in Aleppo, Syria on March 6th, 2020. (via Bawabat Aleppo).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers on duty after alleged YPG shelling on Afrin in Aleppo, Syria on March 6th, 2020. (via Bawabat Aleppo).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers rescuing civilians after alleged YPG shelling on Afrin in Aleppo, Syria on March 6th, 2020. (via Bawabat Aleppo).

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention strikes on the city of Afrin (عفرين), the generic coordinates for which are: 36.511389, 36.864167. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS090

Incident date

March 2, 2020

Location

جبرين, Jibreen, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.182301, 37.26160 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two people were killed and an unknown number of civilians was reported wounded in alleged YPG artillery strikes on the town of Jibreen, Aleppo governorate, on March 2nd, 2020, according to local sources. There are conflicting reports on whether the fatalities were civilians or militants.

Shaam Network reported that “violent clashes took place between the Syrian National Army and members of the Syrian Democratic Forces ‘Qasd’ on the axis of Jibreen – Azaz in the northern countryside, after the latter’s infiltration attempt in the area, and SDF then bombed the town of Jibreen with artillery shells, which led to the fall of two civilian martyrs and wounding others.”

@Step_Agency tweeted: “Two people killed and others wounded among civilians, as a result of artillery shelling in the town of Jibreen, north of Aleppo, from the points of the SDF militia surrounding the area.”

@AleppoAMC reported that “two civilians were killed by artillery shelling of SDF militia, targeting the town of Jibreen in the northern countryside of Aleppo.”

According to @watyy112552, two YPG militants were killed. Hence, it is unclear if the two reported fatalities were civilians or militants.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 2
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG
  • Belligerents reported killed
    0–2

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention strikes on the town of Jibreen (جيبرين) on the outskirts of the city of Afrin (عفرين). The generic coordinates for Jibreen are: 36.182301, 37.26160. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 2
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG
  • Belligerents reported killed
    0–2

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS089

Incident date

February 11, 2020

Location

برج حيدر, Burj Haidar, Afrin, Syria

Geolocation

36.342757, 36.903098 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four civilians, including a child, were reportedly injured in alleged YPG or Syrian regime artillery strikes on the village of Burj Haidar, Afrin governorate, on February 11th, 2020, according to SMART News.

SMART reported that, according to the Syrian Civil Defence, “a child and three civilians were wounded in the village of Burj Haidar, located in the Afrin region, north of Aleppo, as a result of being targeted with mortars from the areas of control of the nearby Kurdish People’s Protection Units.”

According to Al Araby, the Syrian regime was responsible for the artillery shelling on the village.

Al Moharar Media also reported that “a child and three people were wounded by artillery shelling in the village of Burj Haidar in Afrin countryside”, but did not specify a belligerent.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    YPG, Syrian Regime

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention strikes on the village of Burj Haidar (برج حيدر), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.342757, 36.903098. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    YPG, Syrian Regime

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS088

Incident date

February 5, 2020

Location

اعزاز, A'zaz, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.586111, 37.044722 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to four civilians, three children and a woman, were allegedly injured by YPG or Syrian regime shelling on A’zaz in Aleppo, Syria on February 6th, 2020.

The correspondent of Halab Today TV said that ” a woman and three children were lightly injured and were taken by rescue teams to the A’zaz National Hospital for treatment.”

Shahba Press said: “Three children were injured and widespread destruction due to shelling of the PYD militia on the city of A’zaz in the northern countryside of Aleppo.”

Syria Civil Defense posted: “A woman and 3 children were injured as a result of an artillery attack in the midnight city of A’zaz.”

Bawaba Aleppo also said that children were injured and that A’zaz was targeted with rocket launchers.

Though most of sources blamed YPG for the attack, Our Syria page blamed the Syrian regime saying “Al-Assad militia targeted at night the city of A’zaz, north of Aleppo, with several rocket-propelled grenades and caused material damage. “

The incident occured around midnight.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

8 years old male From Saraqeb injured
11 years old male From Saraqeb injured

The victims were named as:

22 years old female From Saraqeb injured
7 years old female From A'zaz injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    3–4
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    YPG, Syrian Regime

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • Damage after alleged YPG on Azaz on Feburary 5th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo)
  • Damaged house after alleged YPG on Azaz on Feburary 5th, 2020 (via Bawaba Aleppo)
  • Damaged house after alleged YPG shelling on Azaz on February 5th, 2020 (via Syria Civil Defense)
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG or Syrian regime shelling of A'zaz in Aleppo on February 6th, 2020 (Our Syria)
  • Damage to a civilian's house after alleged YPG or Syrian regime shelling of A'zaz in Aleppo on February 6th, 2020 (Our Syria)
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG or Syrian regime shelling of A'zaz in Aleppo on February 6th, 2020 (Our Syria)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention strikes on the city of A’zaz (اعزاز), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.586111, 37.044722. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    3–4
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    YPG, Syrian Regime

Sources (10) [ collapse]