Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS1324

Incident date

September 23, 2016

Location

بشقاتين, Bishqatin, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.2036137, 36.9954354 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

At least sixteen civilians from two families were killed, and “dozens” more wounded in airstrikes on the village of Bishqatin, located in the countryside west of Aleppo, according to local media. The majority of sources blamed Russia, though one report by the Syrian Network for Human Rights mentioned Syrian regime involvement.

Jaafr M Deen 01Halab News’ list of martyrs for the strike numbered 16 casualties, most of which matched the names on the @Syriamubasher list.

Sky News Arabia corroborated these reports, stating, “the air strikes on Bishqatin resulted in the death of “a man and his wife and child and a woman and five of her children and another woman and her five children.”

Alghad News also referred to the death of 12 individuals from one family. These reports, and the names of the dead, suggest that the two families were related.

Other news outlets put the number of dead higher. @baladinetwork tweeted that 16 in total were killed, and posted several pictures of local workers using a bulldozer to sift through the rubble.

Zamanalwasl News put the death toll still higher at 17. @Shahbapress tweeted that the strikes “martyred 19 civilians, including women and children, and injured about 30 others.”

According to Eldorar News, “the air strikes targeted a house which consisted of two floors with displaced families.”

The White Helmets posted a video to YouTube in which three children are pulled, alive but bloodied, out of the rubble. A fourth body, which looks to be of a prepubescent boy, is retrieved dead and wrapped in a carpet.

While most sources blamed Russia for this event, the Syrian Network for Human Rights attributed it to “government warplanes” and “allies”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (11)

Aliaa Omar Ali
Child killed
Mohammed Omar Ali
Child killed
Alia Ali Ali
Child killed
Mariam Omar Ali
Child killed
Maram Omar al Ali
Child killed
Hassan Omar Ali
Child killed
Omar Ali Maram
Child killed
Mohammed Ali Al-Ali
Child killed
The mother - Fatima Ahmed Ammuna
Adult female killed
Marwa Ali Ali
Child killed
Rola Ali Ali
Child killed

Family members (4)

Mohammed Hussein Ibn Hussein
Age unknown male killed
Omar Hussein Mohammed Hussein Ali
11 months years old killed
Hussein Mohammed Hussein Ali
34 years old male killed
Rima Omar El Haaj Omar
Adult female killed

The victims were named as:

Kifaa Abdulaziz Mustafa
Age unknown killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    16 – 21
  • (11 children2–3 women3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–30
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (42) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (8) [ collapse]

  • The White Helmets work through the rubble in Bishqatin - the impact of alleged Russian warplane shelling, Sept 23rd (Youtube via AMC)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Civilians pulled from under the rubble in Bishqatin by The White Helmet rescue team. The aftermath of suspected Russian airstrikes, Sept 23rd(Youtube via Thiqa)
  • A reporter at the scene in Bishqatin following alleged Russian airstrikes, Sept 23rd (Youtube via Jaafr M Deen 01)
  • Rubble and destruction on the streets of Bishqatin, Sept 23rd (via @AleppoAMC)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Very distressing images of child victims of alleged Russian warplane shelling in Bishqatin, Sept 23rd (via @salqin)
  • Photographs of The White Helmet resuce mission in Bishqatin (via @baladinetwork)
  • Members of The White Helmets search for victims of alleged Russian warplane massacre in Bishqatin (via @RevolutionSyria)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The White Helmets pull multiple child victims from underneath a destroyed building in Bishqatin, Sept 23rd (via The White Helmets)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    16 – 21
  • (11 children2–3 women3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–30
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (42) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1323

Incident date

September 23, 2016

Location

كفر حمرة, Kafr Hamra, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.255362, 37.087714 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four or five civilians were killed in alleged Russian raids on the Kafr Hamra neighborhood of Aleppo. Four civilians were named by HNN, including two children and a woman.

The first three civilians were also mentioned by name by @NewsFlashAleppo. Microsyria said that attacks by Russian planes “martyred three civilians from one family.” @HalabTodayTV, tweeting on the same day as the attack, said many were “wounded and trapped under the rubble.” @Syriamubasher tweeted that three were killed and “several” wounded. SNHR also reported that two children and a woman were killed.

A White Helmets YouTube video showed a small child, covered in dust, being pulled from the rubble. Qasioun News said five were killed in the attack.

@thiqanewsagency posted a photograph of a building completely destroyed by bombing. Their tweet said five were wounded.

Almost every source claimed Russian war planes were responsible for the bombing. For instance, @eldorar1 referred to Russian warplanes, while Al Jazeera used the phrase “Russian aviation.”

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Muhannad Rajab al I’lo
Child killed
Rayan Rajab al I’lo
Child killed

The victims were named as:

Khuloud Mohammad Barghoud
Age unknown killed
Mohammad Ali Dwalibi
Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 5
  • (2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–5
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (27) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (3) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A civilian child pulled from the rubble by The White Helmets in Kafr Hamra following suspected Russian shelling, Sept 23rd (Youtube via The White Helmets)
  • Significant material destruction in Kafr Hamra - the impact of suspected Russian bombardment, Sept 23rd (via @thiqanews agency)
  • A distressing image of a baby - pulled from the rubble in Kafr Hamra. Revealing the human cost of alleged Russian warplane shelling (via Alsharq)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 5
  • (2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–5
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (27) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1322

Incident date

September 23, 2016

Location

القاطرجي, Al Qaterji (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.1995518, 37.1815538 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between seven and nine civilians died and at least 15 more were wounded in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Aleppo’s Al Qaterjo neighbourhood, according to sources on the ground. An Al Jazeera report claimed that phosphorus and cluster bombs were used in the attack.

@ShbabRevolution tweeted, “seven dead, including a child and about 15 civilians wounded by the strikes of the Russian occupation on Al Qaterji neighborhood in Aleppo.”

The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported that “fixed-wing warplanes we believe are Russian struck Al Qaterji neighborhood, which resulted in the killing of seven individuals including three children and two women” – though a later SN4HR tweet blamed “government warplanes” for the attack.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights also reported that regime helicopters had been active over the area.

@AleppoAMC tweeted that a child was wounded, and included a photograph of the child.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (4)

Abdallah al Zain
20 years old male killed
Fatima al Zain
18 years old killed
Mohammad al Zain
14 years old male killed
Aya al Zain
16 years old killed

Family members (2)

Yasser al Helou
14 years old male killed
Yasser's mother - Ghaleb
35 years old female killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 9
  • (2–3 children2 women3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    15–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (31) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • A street in Al Qaterji is full of rubble after suspected Russian shelling, Sept 23rd (via @RFS_ NORTH) [Page no longer available - accessed via Airwars archive]
  • A building in Al Qaterji, part demolished in alleged Russian warplane attacks, Sept 23rd (via @RFS_NORTH) [Page no longer available - accessed via Airwars archive]
  • Further material damage on Al Qaterji, the aftermath of alleged warplane shelling, Sept 23rd (via RFS_NORTH) [Page no longer available - accessed via Airwars archive]
  • Significant material destruction on the streets of Al Qaterji following alleged Russian cluster bombs, Sept 23rd (via @RFS_NORTH) [Page no longer availble -accessed via Airwars archive]
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photographs of civilian victims in Al Qaterji - the human cost of alleged Russian warplane shelling, Sept 23rd (via @shbabRevolution)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 9
  • (2–3 children2 women3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    15–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (31) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1321

Incident date

September 23, 2016

Location

الفردوس, Al Fardous (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.180995, 37.151892 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between two and 19 civilians were killed in an aerial bombardment on the Aleppo neighbourhood of al Ferdos, multiple sources reported – though reports were conflicted as to whether Russia or the Assad regime was to blame.

Photographs from various sources appeared to show five casualties.

Sources were unclear on the number of casualties, though reports tended to agree that among the casualties were one or two children, one woman, and one man. The Syrian Network for Human Rights put the death toll at three, including one female child and one woman.

Erem News posted photographs of White Helmets digging bodies out of rubble. The photographs showed adult bodies covered in dust, making it difficult to distinguish the number of dead.

A photograph tweeted by @salqin showed an older man holding a young man’s dead body. This photograph was also tweeted by @TRtalarabiya, with a caption that said, “The number of victims today in Aleppo rose to 93 after a baby and an old man were killed in the neighbourhood of Al Fardous raid by a Russian cluster bomb.”

The Syrian Network for Human Rights posted a photograph of Mostafa Hamdan’s dead body. Two other Twitter accounts, @aboalhodaalhoms and @AleppoAMC, tweeted a second photograph of Mostafa, which appeared to have been taken shortly after the first.

An account called @IranArabSpring tweeted more photographs of the neighbourhood shortly after the attacks. In the photos, at least three civilian deaths can be seen: there is a mangled body, a small child (not Mostafa Hamdan), the body of an adult man, and a body wrapped in a rug.

Other sources mentioned higher numbers: AleppoAMC said nine were killed and “dozens” wounded in the attack, while Qasioun News claimed at least 19 deaths.

A YouTube video posted by AleppoAMC showed one body, which appeared to be an adult male, being pulled out of the rubble. Elmwatin News claimed three deaths and “scores” wounded, but noted the casualty numbers could rise as more bodies were pulled out of the rubble.

All4Syria and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that helicopters (belonging to the regime) were involved in the Aleppo strikes for that day, meaning that Assad’s involvement in this event can’t be ruled out.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Mostapha Hamdan
8 months years old male killed
Omar Moussali
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 19
  • (1–2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (35) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (8) [ collapse]

  • Locals trying to rescue survivors from under the rubble following the contested airstrikes on Al Fardous, Sept 23rd (via AleppoAMC)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Eight months old Mostapha Hamdan was reportedly killed during the airstrikes in Fardous, Sept 23rd, carried out by either the Syrian regime or Russia (via SN4HR)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Eight months old Mostapha Hamdan was reportedly killed during the airstrikes in Fardous, Sept 23rd, carried out by either the Syrian regime or Russia (via aboalhodaalhoms twitter)
  • A child victim of the contested airstrikes in Aleppo today, reportedly from the strikes in al-Ferdous, Sept 23rd (via TRTalarabiye News)
  • The contested strikes in al-ferdous wounded and killed several civilians, Sept 23rd (via Iran Arab Spring)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The contested strikes in al-Ferdous wounded and killed several civilians, Sept 23rd (via Iran Erem News)
  • The contested strikes in al-Ferdous wounded and killed several civilians, Sept 23rd (via Iran Erem News)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The contested strikes in al-Ferdous wounded and killed several civilians, Sept 23rd (via Iran Erem News)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 19
  • (1–2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (35) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1320

Incident date

September 23, 2016

Location

الشيخ خضر, al Sheikh Kudar, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.2219801, 37.1749448 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was killed in bombings on the neighbourhood of al-Sheikh Khudar in Aleppo on September 23rd, local sources reported.

Most outlets reported on the death in similar language to @true_tube, as one of many in “a raid on nearly 30 neighbourhoods.”

Halab News’ list of martyrs included one entry for an unidentified civilian in al-Sheikh Khudar.

According to al Souria News and Zamanalwasl News, the strikes were carried out by Russian warplanes in conjunction with regime helicopters.

@Sy_Reporter tweeted about “Russian raids on the city of Aleppo.”

A tweet from @Mojahed_syr showed a young man facing the camera, standing in a huge crater in the side of a building.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Boy standing in the rubble caused by the contested airstrikes in al Sheikh Kudar, Aleppo, Sept 23rd (via Mojahed_Syr)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1319

Incident date

September 23, 2016

Location

كرم حومد, Karam Homad, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.196287, 37.181253 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was killed by airstrikes in the Karam Homad neighbourhood of Aleppo, according to multiple local reports. Several civilians were also wounded, according to @ameeralhalabi and @essamtakly.

Halab News referred to one unidentified civilian killed in the raid, as did the Shaam News Network.

Some sources referred to the strikes as Russian. For instance, @Sy_Reporter placed the blame squarely on “Russian raids.”

Alsouria News, however, said that the raid was a joint effort between the Russians and the Syrian regime.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1318

Incident date

September 23, 2016

Location

المعادي, Al Ma'adi, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.1914827, 37.1630799 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two or three civilians were killed in the al Ma’adi neighbourhood of Aleppo on September 23rd by a bombing raid, local sources reported. Reports were conflicted as to whether Russia or the Assad regime was to blame. Halab News Network said three civilians died and named two of them.

Extremely graphic photographs from @AleppoAMC showed at least two different dead bodies being removed, and another body wrapped in a rug. The report also mentioned “several wounded.”

@syriapost1 stated that barrel bombs were dropped. According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, two of the fatalities were children.

Although some sources, such as @Lccsy and @Sy_Reporter, said Russian aircraft were responsible, according to @SyrianArwad, the aircraft involved included four planes and three helicopters, a report which All4Syria and Almjhar corroborated.

The strikes were reportedly part of a larger campaign against Aleppo, which All4Syria said included over 100 strikes within a couple hours.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Amjad Bilal
Age unknown male killed
Abdallah Khawja
Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (2 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (27) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Images of wounded and dead caused by the airstrikes carried out by either Russian or Syrian warplanes in al-Ma'adi, Sept 23rd (via Aleppo AMC)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (2 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (27) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1317

Incident date

September 23, 2016

Location

الصاخور, Al Sakhour (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.2179122, 37.1892357 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Air raids on the al Sakhour neighbourhood of Aleppo killed up to two civilians, local media reported. It was unclear whether the attacks were carried out by the regime or by Russia.

Islammemo reported, “two martyrs in al Sakhour.” So did @Sy_Reporter and HNN.

Alaraby News stated that Russian fighters carried out the strike, along with multiple others over Aleppo.

Almjhar News claimed that four warplanes and three helicopters (used by the regime) were involved in actions, though the phrasing made unclear whether all seven aircraft were involved in the Al Sakhour strike.

@Lccsy said that the strikes caused destruction to residential buildings, as did @AleppoAMC (although @AleppoAMC said no civilians were hurt or killed).

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (22) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Aftermath of the contested airstrikes, Sept 23rd, in al-Sakhour that left parts of the area in complete ruins (via Aleppo AMC)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (22) [ collapse]