Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

R3844

Incident date

August 22, 2019

Location

تل منس , Tal Mnes, Idlib , Syria

Airwars assessment

Two civilians were reported killed in airstrikes on Tal Mnes, Idlib, on August 22nd.

Shaam News cited the death of two civilians, including a child, in Tal Mnes as a result of Russian and Syrian regime military action in a number of locations, including Tal Mnes.

Halab Today stated that “a child and a man were killed by aerial bombardment of regime warplanes with explosive barrels on the town of Tal Mnesin the southern countryside of Idlib.”

No other information is known at this time.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (1 child1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (1 child1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4068

Incident date

August 22–23, 2019

Location

معرة النعمان, Ma`arat Al Nu`man, Idlib , Syria

Geolocation

35.6477913, 36.6591881 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two to three civilians were reported killed in airstrikes on Ma`arat Al Nu`man, Idlib, on August 22nd.

Edlib Media Center cited “two martyrs and several wounded, as a result of the regime’s helicopter bombardment with explosive barrels on the southern neighborhood of Ma’rat Al-Nu`man city.”

Meanwhile, Syria Civil Defense stated that “three civilians were killed and seven others were injured, including two women, after six helicopters targeted residential neighborhoods in Ma’rat Al-Nu`man city in Idlib countryside last night with explosive barrels.”

Macro Media Center initially reported two fatalities, yet this figure rose to three, including a girl, in later reports from this same source. A tweet from Zaitun Agency also reported that the death toll rose to three after the death of a child.

A tweet from @ufuk_sy also referred to two civilians killed and several wounded, in addition to the outbreak of fires, from bombarding that lasted for more than an hour.

Justice organisation named those killed as Kawkab Hassan Shaarawy, Wasel Ahmed Aldrees and Ali Khaled Al Shallah.

A tweet from @Ahmad_1alshble named those injured as Hussein Khaled Al-Shalah, Ahmed Ali Al-Hassan, Ibrahim Al-Shalah, Naim al-Hassan, Khaled Shaarawi, Kawkab Shaarawi (who later died), and Muhammad Al-Shaarawi.

A video posted by @EyadHoms20 shows the moment the bombs struck Ma`arat Al Nu`man and also referred to the strikes as barrel bombs. Videos posted by @AboAhmedSY8 and @anasanas84 shows the fire that resulted from the strike. Videos posted by Orient TV shows White Helmets rescuing people from the rubble and the destruction caused by the strikes.

Sources predominantly attributed the attack to the Syrian regime, yet a number named Russian forces in reports of the incident and some sources referenced both.

 

The incident occured during the night.

The victims were named as:

Family members (3)

Age unknown male injured
Age unknown male injured
Adult male killed

Family members (2)

Age unknown male injured
Age unknown male injured

Family members (2)

Age unknown male injured
Age unknown male injured

The victims were named as:

Kawkab Hassan Shaarawy
Age unknown killed
Wasel Ahmed Aldrees
Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (1 child2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    6–7
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (29) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (17) [ collapse]

  • Image caption translation: "Three civilians were killed and seven others were injured, including two women, after six helicopters rotated to target residential neighborhoods in Ma'rat Al-Nu`man city in Idlib countryside last night with explosive barrels. Our teams were there with civilians." (via Syria Civil Defense)
  • Image caption translation: "Two martyrs and several wounded civilians due to shelling with helicopters with explosive barrels in the southern neighborhood of Ma'rat Al-Nu`man city of Idlib countryside" (via Macro Media Center)
  • Image caption translation: "Two martyrs and several wounded civilians due to shelling with helicopters with explosive barrels in the southern neighborhood of Ma'rat Al-Nu`man city of Idlib countryside" (via Macro Media Center)
  • Image caption translation: "Two martyrs and several wounded civilians due to shelling with helicopters with explosive barrels in the southern neighborhood of Ma'rat Al-Nu`man city of Idlib countryside" (via Macro Media Center)
  • Image caption translation: "Two martyrs and several wounded civilians due to shelling with helicopters with explosive barrels in the southern neighborhood of Ma'rat Al-Nu`man city of Idlib countryside" (via Macro Media Center)
  • Image caption translation; "Martyrs in the city of Maaret al-Nu'man rise to 3 martyrs, including a girl child as a result of helicopters bombing residential neighborhoods in the city" (via Macro Media Center)
  • Image caption translation; "Martyrs in the city of Maaret al-Nu'man rise to 3 martyrs, including a girl child as a result of helicopters bombing residential neighborhoods in the city" (via Macro Media Center)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Image caption translation: "Ali Khaled al-Shalah, from Ma'aret al-Nu'man city of idlib countryside, killed as a result, Assad regime helicopters dropped explosive barrels on the city" (via Justice Organisation)
  • An image posted by Oshak w mohbi ma`arat Al nu`man on Facebook of Wasel Ahmad al-Drees, who was killed by alleged regime airstrikes against the city of Maarat al-Nu`man on August 22/23, 2019.
  • Image translation: The bombing of the city with barrel bombs led to three martyrs and several wounded 1- The martyr Ali Khaled Al-Shalah 2- The martyr Wasel Ahmad al-Drees 3- The martyr Kawkab Hassan Shaarawi (Image posted by Habibti Ma`art Al nu`man via Facebook)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (1 child2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    6–7
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (29) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4066

Incident date

August 22, 2019

Location

كفرنبل, Kafar Nabil, Idlib , Syria

Airwars assessment

Four civilians from the same family were reported wounded in airstrikes on Kafar Nabil, Idlib, on August 22nd.

Syria.liveuamap stated that “several civilians were injured as a result of air strikes targeting the city of Kafar Nabil, south of Idlib.”

Edlib Media Center also documented “civilians wounded due to the regime’s warplanes’ rocket launchers targeting Kafar Nabil city south of Idlib.”

Meanwhile, Smart News Agency reported two wounded in the incident.

Sources variously attributed the attack to Russian forces and the Syrian regime.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4069

Incident date

August 24, 2019

Location

بلدات متعددة في ادلب, Several towns in Idlib, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

Baladi reported: “Four civilians were killed and others were injured on Monday in shelling of warplanes in different areas of the towns and villages of Jabal Al-Zawiya in the southern countryside of Idlib.”

According to Shaam, “Russian and Assad warplanes launched fierce air raids targeting the cities and towns of Ma`arat al-Nu’man, Kafar Nabil, Al Tamana`a Idlib, Kafarouma, Jarjanz, Jibala, Deir Sharqi, Kafar Sijna, Rakaya Sijna, Tal Mardikh, Haraky, Ghadfa, Hayish, Hamediya, Babolan,Al  Muzarra, Hazarin, Sahiyan, Kafar owaid, Kafar Amim, and Mo`askar Al mastoma,as a result, a number of civilians were injured.”

No further details are currently available.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4071

Incident date

August 25, 2019

Location

تل منس,, Tal Mnes, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.636819, 36.737163

Airwars assessment

Up to six civilians including women and children died in alleged Russian or regime airstrikes on Tal Mnes on August 25, 2019, according to local media.

Smart reported: “Three children and two women were killed and 10 civilians were taken to nearby field hospitals as a result of the regime’s warplanes shelling residential neighborhoods in the center of tal mnes village in the southern countryside of Idlib.”

The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SN4HR) put the death toll at one and named Abdul Razzaq Fawzi al Twaini as killed. It blamed the regime.

Edlib News Network named the others killed: Fatima Badr Al-Aboud, 36 years old woman, Maryam Jumaa Khalil Al-Ahmad, 35 years old woman, Mahmoud Taher Al-Aboud, 11 years old, Amer Taher  Al-Aboud, 8 years old, Khaled Taher Al-Aboud, 5 years old.

Edlib media Centre said that four civilians died.

In a later post, SN4HR said that “at least five civilians (three children and two women), most of whom are from the same family, were killed as Syrian regime fixed- wing warplanes fired missiles on Talmennes town in the southeastern suburbs of Idlib governorate, for the second time on the same day, on August 25.” Tweets from various sources, including @adlbhamam1985 and @abds02747, also identified five civilians killed.

A tweet by @Ahmad_1alshble identified civilian’s homes as being struck and a tweet by @ufuk_sy pointed to the center of the town as the location of the strikes.

A video posted by @Ahmad_1alshble shows the dust cloud following the strikes over Tal Mnes and a video posted by @anasanas84 shows a bulldozer removing the rubble from the destruction caused by the strikes.

Most sources blamed the regime, though there were also reports of Russian actions.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (3)

Child killed
Child killed
Child killed

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed
Adult female killed
Adult female killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 6
  • (1–3 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–10
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (29) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (11) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of an alleged regime airstrike on Tal Mnes, Aug 25th (via EMC)
  • The aftermath of an alleged regime airstrike on Tal Mnes, Aug 25th (via EMC)
  • The aftermath of an alleged regime airstrike on Tal Mnes, Aug 25th (via EMC)
  • The aftermath of an alleged regime airstrike on Tal Mnes, Aug 25th (via EMC)
  • The aftermath of an alleged regime airstrike on Tal Mnes, Aug 25th (via EMC)
  • The aftermath of a strike on Tal Mnes, Aug 25th (via SN4HR)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Caption translation: # The warplanes of the Assad gangs bomb the village of Telmans with missiles It led to 5 civilian martyrs, including two women and a child # Southern Idlib countryside (Image from @abds02747)
  • Image caption translation: The death of (Abd al-Razzaq Fawzi al-Tuwaini) from the town of Talmanes in the southern countryside of Idlib, as a result of the warplanes targeting the town with several missiles. (Image posted by Nouralhuda Nja via Facebook)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Caption translation: Abd al-Razzaq Fawzi al-Tuwaini, was killed as a fixed-wing warplane belonging to the Syrian regime forces bombed several missiles on the town of Talmanes in the southeastern countryside of Idlib governorate, on August 25, 2019. (Image from Syrian Network for Human Rights)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 6
  • (1–3 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–10
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (29) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4072

Incident date

August 25, 2019

Location

معرشورين, Ma'ar Shourin, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.667511, 36.727252 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Local media reported between one and two civilians killed and an unspecified number wounded in an alleged Russia or regime airstrike on Ma’ar Shourin in August 25, 2019.

A tweet by @omar_alhalaby alleged that “Russian warplanes target civilians’ cars while they are fleeing the town as a result of the violent bombardment on them, which led to the burning of all these cars and all that they carry. The initial toll is two martyrs and several injuries.” A video posted along with the tweet shows the smoke and black smoke.

Videos posted by @ufuk_sy and @hafeztaraman also show the fire caused by the airstrikes.

Horrya news and tweets from @jisrtv and @MasarPressNet identified only one civilian as being killed while @mhmadtr tweeted about two martyrs.

Sources were conflicted as to whether Russia or the regime were responsible while most sources did not attribute the strikes.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 2
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (18) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (6) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of an airstrike on Ma’ar Shourin, Idlib, August 25th 2019.
  • The aftermath of an airstrike on Ma'ar Shourin, Aug 25th (via MMC)
  • The aftermath of an airstrike on Ma'ar Shourin, Aug 25th (via MMC)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 2
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (18) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4073

Incident date

August 25, 2019

Location

الهلبة, Al Halba, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.567506, 36.782958 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Local media reported one civilian killed and an unspecified number wounded in an alleged Russian or regime airstrike on Al Halba on August 25, 2019.

Horrya News reported that one civilian was killed in “Russian-Assadi aggression.” Orient News also identified one man killed in Al Halba.

Syrian Network for Human Rights also named Jamal Abdul Majid al Fatrawi as being killed in the airstrikes.

Sources were conflicted about who was to blame for the strikes. Syrian Network for Human Rights and Syrian Observatory for Human Rights identified the regime as responsible while Shaam News named Russia as the culprit.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Jamal Abdul Majid al Fatrawi
Age unknown killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4074

Incident date

August 25–26, 2019

Location

بسقلا, Bsaqla, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.600962, 36.579151 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Local media reported that at least three civilians including a woman and a girl were killed and many were wounded in an alleged Russian airstrike on Bsaqla on the morning of August 25, 2019.

According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, “at least three civilians, including a girl and her mother, were killed as fixed- wing warplanes we believe were Russian fired missiles on Bsaqla village in the southern suburbs of Idlib governorate, on August 26.” Other sources referred to “at least three civilians” being killed or just “three civilians” killed, and @ahmadalatrasha reported “3 civilian martyrs as a preliminary outcome.”

A tweet by @AJA_Syria reported that according to an Al Jazeera correspondent, ” 4 civilians, including two children, were killed as a result of Russian raids.”

The names of those killed in the strikes: Subhi Rajab Rahmoun, Nahida Hussein Al-Aboud, Daughter of Nahida Al-Aboud (child).

A tweet by @mahmoudalbakor1 only identified the number of wounded as “many” while other sources only referred to “others” wounded. @syrian191124 reported that five other civilians were injured.

An image posted by @z0UdP8TRY3EZAix shows an image of a baby covered in dust but it is unclear whether the child was killed or injured.

The center of Bsaqla was identified as the location that was bombed by the airstrikes, according to a tweet by @z0UdP8TRY3EZAix, and @AJA_Syria referred to the location as a residential neighborhood. The account @ufuk_sy seemed to indicate that those killed and/or injured were trapped under the rubble. Xber24 referred to the civilians killed as “loyal to Turkey.”

The majority of sources attributed the airstrikes to Russian forces. However, a tweet by @HadiAlabdallah only identified the strikes as part of a bombing campaign by “Assad and Russia” and a tweet by @SyrianCoalition referenced the regime as carrying out the airstrikes.

The number of raids that was carried out against the town of Bsaqla was referred to as “several” and Xber24 identified the strikes as “high-explosive missiles.”

 

The incident occured in the morning.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Adult female killed
Child female killed

The victims were named as:

Age unknown male Young man killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (1–2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (44) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (11) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of an airstrike on Bsaqla, Aug 25th (via Euphrates Post)
  • The aftermath of an airstrike on Bsaqla, Aug 25th (via Euphrates Post)
  • "SNHR: at least three civilians, including a girl and her mother, were killed as fixed- wing warplanes we believe were Russian fired missiles on Bsaqla village in the southern suburbs of Idlib governorate, on August 26." (via SN4HR)
  • The aftermath of an airstrike on Bsaqla, Aug 25th (White Helmets)
  • The aftermath of an airstrike on Bsaqla, Aug 25th (White Helmets)
  • The aftermath of an airstrike on Bsaqla, Aug 25th (White Helmets)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (1–2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (44) [ collapse]