Turkish Military in Iraq & Syria

An internally displaced Kurdish family in northern Iraq, 2016 (Maranie R. Staab)

Belligerent
Turkish Military
Country
Iraq
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

TI036

Incident date

May 30, 2020

Location

درلوك, Deralok, Dohuk, Iraq

Geolocation

37.056989, 43.652121 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A father and son were killed and another civilian was injured after an alleged Turkish airstrike near the town of Deraluk, Amedi district, on May 30th, 2020, according to local media reports.

The victims were Jalal Nuradin, 60, and his son Ahmed Nuradin, 32, reported K24, Christian Peacemaker Teams and Ahval.

Khalil Nerway, a relative of the victims, said an additional person was injured in the strike. “We have not yet seen the wounded, but we are told that his health is stable”, Mr. Nerway told Rudaw. Jalal, a retired Peshmerga, and his son were farming ancestral land “to make ends meet for their families”, according to the source. Neither of the bodies had been returned to the family at the time of reporting due to the difficulties in accessing the site of the bombing according to Mr. Nerway.

K24, Christian Peacemaker Teams and Ahval reported that the strike took place in the village of Hetuta.

Rudaw quoted unnamed officials as saying the strike targeted “suspected Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) positions in the Deralok sub-district of Amedi, close to the border with Turkey”. The attack took place at 09:30 am, according to Rudaw reporter Nasir Ali.

On May 30th 2020, the official Twitter account of the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Turkey Tweeted: “Two PKK terrorists, who were identified by means of reconnaissance and surveillance in the Avasin region of northern Iraq, were neutralized by an air operation. Our operations will continue until the last terrorist is neutralized.”

Mohammed Salim Nerweyi, head of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) in Deralok, told Rudaw that the deceased were civilians.

“No politician has even come to talk to us and offer condolences” Ahmad Nuradeen Muhiyadeen, Jalal’s brother, told The Guardian on April 4th, 2021.

Adam Gnych, who reported on the incident, provided Airwars with a transcript of an interview with Ahmed Nuradeen Muhiyadeen, Jalal’s brother:

“When we left for the trip there were four of us – me, Jalal, Ahmed and one of our neighbours. In the evening we went and stayed in the valley (the Rashava valley). Before dawn we set off, on the other side of the mountain we split the group, Jelal, Ahmed and our neighbour went one way, I went another way. I collected some mushrooms and some grasses; in the evening I came back home to Deraluk. The others stayed there for three days. On the fourth day, when they intended to come back to Deraluk, they were targeted. My neighbour told me that he found a beehive, he told Jalal and Ahmad to wait for him and drink some tea, on his way to the beehives he heard two bombings. When he returned to the place he saw that Jalal and Ahmed had been killed along with their horses. The area is very far away and surrounded by mountains so it’s hard to get a signal (telephone)… the incident took place at 8:30 am at 10 am we were contacted and told that both of them had been killed…. Jalal was a peshmerga before he retired. He couldn’t afford to sustain his family, our economic situation was very hard. Ahmed was jobless so they were obliged to risk their lives by going to the mountains to collect grasses and mushrooms to sell in the local bazaar.”

According to Mr Muhiyadeen, Ahmad had studied until the 6th grade, at which point he was forced to leave school due to the family’s economic situation. “He was so smart and so clever, he knew as much as a teacher. He was always reading the Quran and he liked playing football with his friends… I want this conflict to stop, neither the PKK nor Turkey have any reason to be here, they are just here to ruin our lives, we hope this war stops so that no more civilians will become victims like my brother and nephew.”

According to the family, Jalal was a father of eight (six sons and two daughters), Ahmed had two wives and three children (two sons one daughter).

The incident occured at 08:30:00 local time.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

60 years old male Father of Ahmed Nuradin killed
32 years old male Son of Jalal Nuradin killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • An image of Jalal and Ahmed Nuradin, who were killed in an alleged Turkish airstrike while they were farming their ancestral land on May 30th 2020. (Uploaded by K24)
  • The graves of Ahmed and Jalal Nuradin, who were killed in an alleged Turkish airstrike near the town of Deraluk on May 30th, 2020. (Uploaded by Christian Peacemaker Teams)
  • An image that accompanied a Rudaw article about the strike. The image ran with the caption: “Deraluk’s Linkiyan mountains, where Saturday’s airstrike took place” (Uploaded by Rudaw TV)
  • A graphic showing the location of an alleged Turkish strike that killed Ahmed and Jalal Nuradin on May 30th, 2020. (Uploaded by The Guardian)
  • A map that accompanied a Rudaw article about the strike on May 30th, 2020, which killed Ahmed and Jalal Nuradin. (Uploaded by Rudaw)
  • An image that accompanied an article about the death of Jalal and Ahmed Nuradin who died in an alleged Turkish airstrike near the town of Deraluk on May 30th 2020. (Uploaded by K24)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Deraluk (درلوك), for which the generic coordinates are: 37.056989, 43.652121. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Media
from belligerent (1) [ collapse]

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TI037

Incident date

June 14, 2020

Location

Sinjar, Nineveh, Iraq

Geolocation

36.318611, 41.861111 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Several civilians were allegedly injured by a Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar.

ANF reported: “In Shengal, areas where civilian settlements and Serdeşt hospital are located, were bombed. According to the first information, there are some injured civilians. In addition, the people suffered material damages as a result of the bombing carried out by the Turkish state.”

Gilgo tweeted: “Injured civilians reported by Ezidi locals in Zerdeşt hospital near Şengal as a result of Turkish air raids. Airstrikes continue after a 40 minutes break. Difficult to get reports out due to intensity of bombardment.”

The New Arab published additional information on the strikes without mentioning civilian harm: “A military official said in the fourth regiment of the Iraqi army stationed in the vicinity of Sinjar that fighters targeted between the hours of twelve and a half and twelve and forty minutes, Sunday, locations and caves inside Mount Sinjar, indicating in a telephone conversation with the New Arab, that columns of smoke were seen rising from the place before To return the aircraftMinutes later to target other locations in the same area, and he heard the sounds of secondary explosions believed to be caused by a pile of weapons or ammunition.

He added, ‘The sites belong to most of the units,’ referring to the militia of Sinjar Protection Units, the local arm of the PKK in Iraq.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • Aftermath of Turkish airstrieks on Sinjar on June 14th, 2020 (via Heyva Sor a Kurdistane UK)
  • Aftermath of Turkish airstrieks on Sinjar on June 14th, 2020 (via Heyva Sor a Kurdistane UK)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Sinjar, for which the generic coordinates are: 36.318611, 41.861111. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TI038A

Incident date

June 17, 2020

Location

كيلكا, Kilka , Dohuk, Iraq

Geolocation

37.228473, 43.438437 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Subdistrict level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was reported killed as a result of alleged Turkish airstrikes on Kilka village in Kani Masi.

According to Darkamazi, “Another citizen named Amin Salah Hasan in the Kani Masi area was exposed to the air strikes of the Turkish occupation, and his body was found today by the people of the region on the water springs in the village, knowing that the area is under the control and hegemony of Albukk.”

His body was found on June 19th, 2020 but it is unclear exactly when he was killed. Rudaw said “The body of the young Amin Salah, 27, was found in the village of Kilka belonging to Kanye Masi, after he had been missing two days ago, and his body was found today. He was martyred due to the Turkish shelling. ”

No further information is available.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Suspected target
    Other

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Kilka (كيلكا), allegedly located within the district of Kani Masi (كاني ماسي). Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further. The generic coordinates for Kani Masi are: 37.228473, 43.438437.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Suspected target
    Other

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TI038

Incident date

June 17, 2020

Location

Bradost, Erbil, Iraq

Geolocation

36.735469, 44.387908 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Subdistrict level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was allegedly killed and others injured by a Turkish airstrike in the Bradost mountains.

Kurdistan24 said: “A shepherd who grazed his animals in the Bradost region died in the bombardment of the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) warplanes against PKK camps yesterday afternoon.

Speaking to K24, Sidekan District Manager İhsan Çelebi, of Erbil, said that at 11:00 am yesterday, a shepherd died in the Bradost area during the Turkish air plane’s air strike against the PKK.

It was stated that the shepherd named Ebas Mexdid Nimet was from Herir town in Şeqlawe district and she was grazing her sheep in the region.”

CPT Iraqi Kurdistan tweeted: “At least one civilian has been killed and a number of others injured in the Turkish Airforce bombardment of Bradost mountain at 10.40 pm, 17th June, a CPT partner has just reported. He is from a nomadic family who are in the Barda Spian highlands to graze their animals.”

Nupel initially also reported that Mexdid was a shepherd but later updated the story saying he was a peshmerga of the Kurdistan Democratic Party.

The incident occured between 10:40 am and 11:00 am local time.

The victims were named as:

37 years old male Shepherd or peshmerga killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 1
  • (0–1 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Belligerents reported killed
    0–1

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • Ebas Mexdid, allegedly killed by a Turkish airstrike on Bradost on June 17th, 2020 (via Nupel)
  • Aftermath of Turkish strike on Bradost on Juney 17th, 2020 (via Peyama Kurd)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the Bradost mountains, for which the generic coordinates are: 36.735469, 44.387908. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 1
  • (0–1 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Belligerents reported killed
    0–1

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TI038C

Incident date

June 19, 2020

Location

آناه, Anah, Erbil, Syria

Geolocation

36.673265, 45.045489 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Rudaw.net reported that a civilian was killed in alleged Turkish shelling on the village of Anah in Hajj Omran in Erbil on June 19th, 2020.

The source said that “the Turkish shelling targeted the village of Anah in Hajj Omran in the district of Joman in the governorate of Erbil, killing a shepherd, bringing the number to four victims, within 24 hours only.”

No further information on this incident is available.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Anah (انه), allegedly located in the vicinity of Hajj Omran (حاجي عمران). Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further. The generic coordinates for Hajj Omran are: 36.673265, 45.045489.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TI039

Incident date

June 19, 2020

Location

Kokar, Dohuk, Iraq

Geolocation

37.113611, 43.825556 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three civilians were allegedly killed and two injured by a Turkish airstike on Nerwa Rekan.

Mehr Baluch tweeted: “3 civilian got killed in Nerwa & Rekan area by Turkish jets bombardment, all three residents of Shiladize, they been targeted in Kokar near Avamark Resort.”

Hana Çômanî said: “Turkish war planes bombs Shiladze town in Dohuk province Iraqi Kurdistan, killed 3 civilians injured 2 2 hours ago.”

The incident occured at approximately 2:30 pm local time.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • Picture from the funeral in Shiladze after the alleged killing of three civilians by a Turkish airstrike on Kokar on June 19th, 2020 (via Barzan Sadiq)
  • Picture from the funeral in Shiladze after the alleged killing of three civilians by a Turkish airstrike on Kokar on June 19th, 2020 (via Barzan Sadiq)
  • Picture from the funeral in Shiladze after the alleged killing of three civilians by a Turkish airstrike on Kokar on June 19th, 2020 (via Barzan Sadiq)
  • Picture from the funeral in Shiladze after the alleged killing of three civilians by a Turkish airstrike on Kokar on June 19th, 2020 (via Barzan Sadiq)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Kokar, for which the generic coordinates are: 37.113611, 43.825556. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TI040

Incident date

June 19, 2020

Location

Barwari, Dohuk, Iraq

Geolocation

37.221806, 43.232818 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Subdistrict level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was allegedly killed by a Turkish airstrike in Barwari.

Barzan Sadiq tweeted: “Another civillian killed in Barwari area, western Duhok by Turkish attacks. So far five civillians killed since Turkey began their military operation against PKK in Kurdistan Region.”

There is currently no further information available.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the subdistrict of Barwari, for which the generic coordinates are: 37.221806, 43.232818. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS439

Incident date

June 23, 2020

Location

Helincê, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.853527, 38.379450 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three women were killed in alleged Turkish drone strikes on a civilian residence in the Kurdish village of Helincê, Aleppo governorate, on June 23rd, 2020, according to local sources. Two civilians were wounded.

Kurdistan24 reported that “a Turkish drone strike on Tuesday evening killed three civilian females at a residence in the village of Helincê, located outside the northern Syrian city of Kobani, according to local security forces.”

@ElhamAhmadSDC reported that the three women were active as women’s rights activists. ANF identified two of the victims as Zehra Berkel and Emine Veysi. Hawar News reported that Berkel was a coordinating member of the Kongra Star women’s movement. Reportedly, it was Veysi’s house that was targeted. The third victim was identified as Mizgin Xelil.

According to @DefteraRes, two other civilians were wounded.

The General Command of the Kurdish-led Internal Security Forces (ISF) wrote in an official statement: “We in the General Command of the Internal Security Forces (ISF) for Northeast Syria condemn the crimes of the Turkish occupation against our people and we also call on the International Coalition and the Russian Federation to do their duty.”

All sources blamed Turkey for the attack.

The incident occured in the evening.

The victims were named as:

30 years old female coordinating member of the Kongra Star women’s movement killed
Adult female killed
Adult female killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike, Drone Strike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (3 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (19) [ collapse]

  • The victims of the alleged Turkish drone strike on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via @ElhamAhmadSDC).
  • Damaged civilian property after alleged Turkish drone strikes on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via ANF).
  • Zehra Berkel (30) was killed in alleged Turkish drone strikes on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via ANF).
  • Zehra Berkel (30) was killed in alleged Turkish drone strikes on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via ANF).
  • Translation: "Three women were killed today by the bombing of a Turkish drone in Kobani, who were active in defense of women's rights. All this hatred hidden from the Turkish authorities to confront Kurdish women. She is afraid of the greatness of these women, so she targets them. Stop Erdogan's crimes" (via @ElhamAhmadSDC).
  • Translation: "Three civilians were martyred as a result of the bombardment of the occupier Turkish state army planes on the village of Helencê in Kobanê" (via @kendal77cudi).
  • Destroyed civilian home after alleged Turkish drone strikes on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via @kendal77cudi).
  • Damage after alleged Turkish drone strikes on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via @kendal77cudi).
  • An alleged Turkish drone strike targeted a civilian home in Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via @baxtiyarumut).
  • Rubble after alleged Turkish drone strikes on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via @baxtiyarumut).
  • One of the victims of alleged Turkish drone strikes on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via Hawar News).
  • Aftermath of alleged Turkish drone strikes on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020 (via VDCSY).
  • Statement on the alleged Turkish drone strike on Helincê on June 23rd, 2020, by the Syrian Democratic Council (via @Rojavanetwork).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Helincê, for which the generic coordinates are: 36.853527, 38.379450. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike, Drone Strike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (3 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (16) [ collapse]