Policy, Policy Analysis

Toolkit launch: Operationalising the declaration on civilian harm from explosive weapons in populated areas

Airwars and Article 36 launch new practical implementation resource for the EWIPA declaration.

November 21, 2025
Image credit: Ales Ustsinau

In Partnership With

Article 36

The level of civilian harm remains unacceptably high in modern conflict. While this partially reflects a disregard, by some parties to conflict, for civilian life and for their obligations under international humanitarian law (IHL), even parties that claim to closely adhere to IHL have caused significant civilian harm in recent conflicts through the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, particularly those delivering munitions with wide area effects.

In recognition of this, in November 2022, 88 states endorsed the ‘Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA)’. In the years since, two more states have endorsed the Declaration. In endorsing, states commit themselves to the following:

  • Review and adapt national policy and operational guidance to align with humanitarian objectives;
  • Factor both direct and indirect effects on civilians into the planning and conduct of military operations;
  • Strengthen measures to protect civilians and critical infrastructure, including restricting or refraining from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas;
  • Record, track, and analyse civilian harm through robust data collection—ideally disaggregated by sex and age—and share findings to inform accountability and continuous improvement.

Three years on from the signatory conference, many signatory states continue to emphasise their political commitment to the declaration – yet grapple with the challenge of bringing the declaration into military policy and practice. To aid and strengthen this effort, Article 36 and Airwars organised a series of roundtables over the last two years, aimed at fostering peer-to-peer knowledge-sharing between states and militaries, identify good practices that are emerging in national implementation, and better understand the challenges and gaps that remain.

Today we launch a new toolkit, based on these roundtables and extensive engagement with states and militaries, to act as a practical and tangible implementation resource. It is designed to help states and armed forces translate the commitments of the Political Declaration on EWIPA into concrete measures, policies, and practices that reduce civilian harm and strengthen the protection of civilians in populated areas. The toolkit lays out 37 indicators, developed to support states in building a roadmap to a stronger approach in everything from civilian harm tracking to operational mitigation. In particular, states should:

  1. Strengthen national leadership and coordination
  2. Make explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA) a specific policy focus
  3. Translate commitments into operational practice
  4. Institutionalise civilian harm tracking and operational learning
  5. Strengthening data-led analysis and technical capacity
  6. Foster multistakeholder partnerships and a community of practice
  7. Exercise normative leadership

Implementing the commitments in the declaration will take sustained effort and time to achieve, but they are essential to reducing harm and realising the Declaration’s humanitarian aims. You can find the full report here.