Patterns of Civilian Harm in Gaza, October 2023

Published

October 2024

Annex

This is an expedited annex of all evidence and data from a forthcoming Airwars report on patterns of civilian harm from October 2023, in the Gaza Strip. The report will be published in the coming weeks.

Annex-1: Patterns of Death, Counting Militant Deaths

Methodology

Airwars assumes civilian status unless there is evidence to the contrary. Evidence includes any suggestion in local sources that directly associate individuals with participation in hostilities or membership of a militant group. This may include insignia belonging to militant groups active in Gaza (such as a flag on a coffin); or imagery of individuals in uniform or holding weapons. If the only source claiming militant status is the perpetrator (i.e. an Israeli government or military source), this is included as context in Airwars assessments but is not considered definitive evidence.

Note that Hamas administrative officials (such as political activists) are generally not considered militants by Airwars, unless there is evidence of participation in hostilities or membership of Hamas’ armed wing. Members of the political party Fatah are not considered militants, despite historic militant activity, given that there has been no large-scale organised Fatah military presence in Gaza since 2007, and given the fact that the group is not believed to have access to advanced weaponry.

See accompanying extract of Airwars’ internal handbook on categorising militants in Annex-10.

Results

Sample: 606 incidents (October 2023)

26 incidents out of 606 included evidence of Hamas casualties. A minimum of 522 civilians were killed in these incidents, and between 32 and 60 militants
- This includes at least 226 children and 117 women
Per incident where there was evidence of militants, an average of 20 civilians were killed at minimum, and 11 children. Each case recorded on average one militant death.
6 out of 26 incidents were declared by the Israeli military; i.e. there was a corresponding official statement from Israeli forces acknowledging the strike. These incidents declared by Israeli forces account for at least 245 civilian deaths, and a minimum of 17 militant deaths.
All of these incidents involved the destruction of residential buildings.

Time of day analysis:

Airwars was able to identify the time of day* for 14 out of the 26 incidents involving alleged militant deaths. 11 of these incidents took place during the day and three incidents took place during the night. The daytime incidents accounted for at minimum 287 civilian casualties and 21 militant deaths, and the nighttime incidents accounted for at least 50 civilian casualties and 2 militant deaths.

* The time of a given strike is documented in one of two ways: either the exact time is known (e.g. a source clearly indicates based on the time of the post that the strike occurred minutes previously, or sources report on the exact time of an incident); or a time window is provided (e.g. ‘afternoon’, ‘evening’, ‘night’, ‘morning’) based on sources and associated imagery. Both of these data points are then aggregated into ‘day’ and ‘night’, with all times AFTER 20:00 and BEFORE (not incl.) 05:00 categorised as during_the_night. Where there is insufficient information in the sources to pinpoint either a time or a window these are recorded as ‘unknown’.

See Annex-11 for a list of incidents of civilian harm in which a militant was also killed.

Annex-2: Patterns of Death, Children

Methodology

Identifying children

Where an a local source identifies an individual’s age, Airwars counts any individual under the age of 18 as a child. Where possible, Airwars researchers cross-check ages found in local sources with ages provided in Ministry of Health lists of fatalities.

Where ages are not found among open sources, Airwars categorises children based on the references and context in open source media. For example, if there are images of children clearly under the age of 18, these individuals are categorised as such. Where ages are more ambiguous (for example in older teenagers), this ambiguity is accounted for in the assessment and the individual would be counted in the upper and not lower child casualty range. If individuals are referred to as ‘child of xxx’, further information is used to corroborate if these are adult children or individuals under the age of 18 (for example, if they are married or have children of their own).

In line with Airwars standard methodology for quantifying qualitative statements, references to children without exact numbers will be categorised as at least two children (these will be seen in the assessment as, for example, ‘child of XX’ and ‘child of XX’ in fatality lists).

Infrastructure tagging

Airwars researchers have built an evolving list of ‘infrastructure’ and ‘observation’ tags throughout the Gaza project. This list has been broadly designed in coordination with other documentation organisations and researchers.

See Annex-24 for the full list and related guidance for Airwars casualty recording teams.

Note that incidents can be tagged with more than one infrastructure or observation: this means that particularly for tags on ‘IDP or refugee camps’ there will likely be overlaps with ‘residential building’ tags, given the semi-formalised nature of IDP settlements (particularly in the first month of the campaign). Camps such as Bureij and Jabalia, for example, are tagged as both residential and IDP camps. These identifiers are self-reported based on descriptions given by local sources.

Identifying names

Airwars identifies individuals by both partial and full names. For example, if an individual is only referred to as ‘the wife of XX’, this individual is listed as such in the fatality list. Where possible, Airwars matches names identified through open sources with lists of fatalities produced by the Ministry of Health. In July 2024, Airwars released a major investigation detailing this methodology in full: One Name, Two Lists.

Family units are identified by references in local sources (for example ‘individual X was killed alongside his children’), and are grouped accordingly per incident to facilitate analysis.

Results

Sample: 606 incidents (October 2023)

A note on scale

Using the same methodology outlined above, Airwars has documented thousands of civilian casualties across eight different conflict zones over the last decade. This includes the Russian campaign in Syria, the US-led Coalition campaign against ISIS (including battlegrounds such as Mosul and Raqqa), the 2011 NATO campaign in Libya, select periods of the Russian campaign in Ukraine (the Battle of Kharkiv), and casualties in both Israel and Gaza during May 2021.

Looking at a period of 25 days in Gaza following (October 7, 2023 through October 31, 2023), Airwars recorded a death toll among children that is almost seven times higher than even the most deadly months previously recorded across all other campaigns.

The highest death toll among children previously recorded by Airwars was in Syria in 2016, where Airwars teams recorded some 1,931 child fatalities resulting from both the Russian campaign in support of the Syrian regime and the air war led by the US-led Coalition against ISIS. This is a combined total over the course of that year. The most deadly month of that year for children was January 2016, where Airwars recorded a minimum of 279 child fatalities.

Looking at an non-comprehensive period of 25 days from October 2023, Airwars has already recorded 1,900 child fatalities.

See Annex-12 for a list of incidents in which children were killed.

Overall patterns of child fatalities

Children were reported killed in 348 out of 606 incidents in October.
Between 1,900 and 2,165 children were killed in these 348 incidents
- Members of militant groups were identified in 26 of these incidents
Of the minimum 1,900 children killed, 1,750 (91%) were killed in incidents involving the destruction of a residential building, at least 566 children were recorded killed in attacks on IDP or refugee settlements, and at least 66 children were killed in incidents involving the destruction of religious sites.
- 85% of children were killed in strikes on residential infrastructure where no belligerent was reportedly killed.
In 48 incidents, more than ten children were killed in a single event. This accounts for between 830 and 899 child fatalities.
Airwars has already documented incidents with the highest number of child fatalities in a single incident ever recorded in ten years of work over eight different conflicts. These are as follows (including links to incidents):
- October 31st, Jabalia – 69 children killed
- October 31st, Engineering building (used as the basis for an HRW report) – 67 children killed
- December 11th, Gaza City – 50 children killed
- October 25th, al-Taj tower – 44 children killed

At what time have children been killed/injured

Of the 1,750 children killed in residential infrastructure, Airwars has documented some temporal data for 1,202 of them (189 incidents). Of these cases where residential infrastructure was attacked and time information is available, a third took place at night, and just under 70% during the day.

Child casualties with other family members

Sample: 448 incidents (October 2023, where names or partial names have been identified alongside victims)

Airwars identified 530 family units killed in 436 incidents (i.e. 436 cases where at least two members of one family were killed in a single explosive event – e.g. airstrike).
Children were found killed in more than 70% of these cases: child fatalities were identified across 404 families killed in 314 incidents.
Children often accounted for a large proportion of the dead in these cases. On average, at least 40% of those killed in each family were children. In almost a third of cases where the age was identified among victims, more than 50% of the recorded fatalities were children.

Patterns of harm among families

Of the 606 incidents documented by Airwars to date in the month of October, more than 70% of cases included casualties across families – accounting for 448 incidents in total where civilians were killed or injured.
Overall, at least 80% of civilians identified by Airwars were killed in residential buildings
On average, at least eight members of one family were killed together in these incidents during the month of October. This average is higher than any other conflict monitored by Airwars in the last decade.
Comparative results:
- This already reflects half of the number of family units identified by Airwars killed together in single strikes during eight years of the US war against ISIS. During that campaign, on average four members of the same family were killed together in single strikes.
- The number of families killed together also already reflects a third of the total number of families killed in single incidents by Russian strikes over eight years in Syria, including strikes likely carried out alongside the Syrian regime. In that on-going campaign, an average of five members of the same family were killed per strike.

Annex-3: Attacks on Humanitarian Workers and Infrastructure

Methodology

Airwars researchers have built an evolving list of ‘observation’ and ‘infrastructure’ tags throughout the Gaza project. This list has broadly been designed in coordination with other documentation organisations and researchers.

The categories relevant for this section are:

Humanitarian evacuation (civilian infrastructure tag)
UN worker(s) killed or injured (observations tag)
UN Facility (civilian infrastructure tag)
Humanitarian aid distribution (civilian infrastructure tag)

See Annex-24 for the full list and related guidance for Airwars casualty recording teams.

Results

Sample: 606 incidents (October 2023)

Attacks on humanitarian workers and humanitarian objects

One strike on a humanitarian evacuation killed twelve civilians.
Seven strikes on UN facilities killed, at minimum, a total of 37 civilians.

See Annex-14 for a list of incidents involving UN facilities and/or workers.

Attacks on aid recipients

Two incidents in which a minimum of six and twenty-one civilians, respectively were killed.

See Annex-15 for details of the two incidents involving aid recipients.

Additional cases

Airwars has detailed two additional incidents outside of the October sample relevant to this category, both on the UNRWA operated al-Fakhoura school building:

November 18th, in which at least 80 civilians were killed
November 4th, in which at least 12 civilians were killed

See Annex-13 for the details of the incident relating to an evacuation route.

Detailed investigation

Airwars and the Financial Times conducted a joint investigation into a series of blasts on an evacuation convoy on October 13th, the day after Israel announced the evacuation order on the north of Gaza. An analysis of open source data concluded that it was unlikely that anything other than an Israeli strike was the cause of the blasts – though Israel rejected this conclusion. At least 12 civilians were likely killed in the incident.

The full investigation is here, (archived version here).

Annex-4: Incidents involving Civilian Infrastructure: healthcare facilities, water stations, and infrastructure relating to the provision of food

Methodology

Airwars researchers have built an evolving list of ‘observation’ and ‘impact’ tags throughout the Gaza project. This list has broadly been designed in coordination with other documentation organisations and researchers.

The categories relevant for this section are:

Healthcare facility (observation tag)
Healthcare (impact tag)
Food (impact tag)
Water station (observation tag)

Results

Sample: 606 incidents (October 2023)

Healthcare infrastructure

Airwars identified 20 incidents where civilians were harmed in or around healthcare infrastructure (such as ambulances, in or near hospital facilities or medical clinics).
Civilians were killed in 15 of these incidents.
A minimum of 109 civilians were killed.
- One of these incidents is a ‘contested’ incident, whereby attribution of the strike is contested between Palestinian militant groups and Israeli forces (the October 17th blast at the al-Ahli hospital). Airwars found a minimum of 63 civilians killed in this blast based on testimonies provided by family members online and images of individuals in associated media, however some sources, such as leaked US intelligence reports, put the death toll in the hundreds. If this incident is excluded due to its contested nature, Airwars estimates that between 46 and 71 civilians were killed in incidents involving healthcare infrastructure.

See Annex-16 for a list of incidents involving healthcare infrastructure.

Food infrastructure

Airwars identified 13 incidents involving some form of food supply or infrastructure where civilians were harmed. This includes marketplaces, bakeries and food distributions.
A minimum of 118 civilians were killed across twelve of these incidents, with an average of 10 civilians killed per incident.
A minimum of 218 civilians were also injured, with an average of 27 civilians injured per incident.

See Annex-17 for a list of incidents involving food infrastructure.

Attacks on water infrastructure

Two incidents were identified where civilians were harmed in incidents where water infrastructure was also damaged.
No civilians were killed but a minimum of twelve and six civilians were injured, respectively.

See Annex-18 for a list of incidents involving water infrastructure.

Annex-5: When Civilians were Killed in Religious Infrastructure

Methodology

Airwars researchers have built an evolving list of ‘infrastructure’ tags, including ‘religious institution’ tags; this includes mosques, churches or any other self-described religious location.

See Annex-24 for the full list and related guidance for Airwars casualty recording teams.

Results

Sample: 606 incidents (October 2023)

- - Airwars identified 34 incidents where civilians were harmed in incidents on or in close proximity to religious infrastructure. In 17 incidents, civilians were harmed when a mosque was hit directly.
  - Civilians were killed in 30 of these incidents, accounting for at least 226 fatalities.
  - Airwars has access to some level of demographic information for 163 of these individuals. From this information, 66 of those killed in attacks on religious infrastructure were children, 48 were women, and 47 were men.
  - In incidents where a religious site was directly hit, at least 84 civilians were killed, including at least 21 children, 15 women and 15 men. A further 105 civilians were reported wounded.

See Annex-19 for a list of incidents involving religious infrastructure.

Annex-6: Patterns of Death, Healthcare Professionals and Journalists

Methodology

The methodology used for determining whether someone was a journalist or a healthcare professional comes from the coding of profession through Airwars’ standard casualty recording methodology. In other words, if an individual is referred to as a medical professional (including emergency responder, doctor, nurse, pharmacist) they are counted accordingly. Equally, if a source refers to an individual as a journalist, they are recorded accordingly. It is likely that these self-reported categories are an undercount.

A list of incidents and codes is included in Annex-20 (journalists) and Annex-21 (healthcare personnel).

Results

Sample: 606 incidents (October 2023)

Healthcare workers

Between 50 and 52 healthcare personnel were killed in 28 incidents in October.
- In 16 incidents, healthcare personnel were killed in their homes or while sheltering, and were often killed alongside members of their family. In 12 cases, healthcare workers were killed in the line of duty. In seven of these incidents, healthcare workers were killed while they were in ambulances.
- This includes the contested al-Ahli hospital blast, where Airwars estimated a minimum of three healthcare workers were killed. Excluding this event, at least 47 healthcare personnel were killed in 27 incidents that month.
Healthcare personnel were the only civilians killed in seven of these 28 incidents, resulting in a minimum of 11 healthcare personnel killed.
The remaining 21 incidents saw an additional 473 civilians killed, at minimum. This includes mass casualty incidents such as two strikes on the Jabalia camp on October 9th and October 31st, killing at least 65 and 125 civilians respectively. This total also includes the contested al-Ahli hospital blast, which may be attributed to Palestinian militants – excluding this case, the accompanying civilian toll is at least 421 fatalities in incidents where healthcare workers were also killed.
In the 28 incidents where healthcare personnel were killed, children were killed in 54% of them (15 incidents), resulting in a minimum of 180 children killed when healthcare personnel were killed (or 168, excluding al-Ahli).
Of the incidents where healthcare personnel were killed, a minimum of 12 belligerents were killed in one incident (the Jabalia October 31, 2023 case); in another case the militant status of the individual identified is ambiguous.
Two of the incidents involving fatalities among healthcare workers were “declared” strikes, meaning that an official from the Israeli government made a statement where they accepted explicit responsibility for carrying out the strike recorded in the documented incident (ISPT0783 & ISPT0372). A minimum of 79 civilians, two of whom were healthcare personnel, were killed between these two strikes.

Journalists

Sample: 606 incidents (October 2023)

- - - At least 23 journalists were killed in 21 incidents.
    - A journalist was the only civilian killed in six of these 21 incidents, resulting in a minimum of six journalists killed. In other words, there are six incidents where a journalist is the only known fatality.
    - At least 169 civilians were killed in incidents where a journalist was killed.
    - In the 21 incidents where journalists were killed, children were killed in more than half of the cases (12 incidents), resulting in a minimum of 65 children killed in the same events when journalists were killed.

Of the incidents where journalists were killed, Airwars recorded the killing of one belligerent.

Annex-7: Comparative Results

Methodology

Airwars has adopted the same casualty recording methodology for ten years across all conflicts. Detailed methodology notes are all public, but more detailed explanations around information handling outlined in the Airwars internal assessment handbook can also be provided on request.

Overall methodology notes/links:

Gaza-specific methodology note
Airwars’ general methodology note
Standards for Casualty Recording
OHCHR report on the impact of casualty recording (including references to Airwars findings)

Our previous casualty recording efforts include:

Civilian casualties from the US and allied campaign against ISIS in Iraq and Syria from 2014. This archive now totals more than 8,000 casualties originating from almost 3,000 incidents. The US Government has admitted to just over 1,400 casualties – almost half of which originated as Airwars referrals. These can all be found in press releases on the US Central Command website (for example this release). All our records are publicly available on our website – here.
Civilian casualties from Russian support to the Syrian Regime since 2015. This includes almost 5,000 incidents of harm and up to 24,000 casualties. Many of these casualties may be attributable in whole or in part to the Syrian Regime rather than Russian forces, as distinguishing between actors is challenging. Patterns of harm have been analysed on our website here, and have been referenced by others – such as this Syrian Justice and Accountability Center report on double-tap strikes. All our records are publicly available on our website – here.
Civilian casualties during the ‘Battle of Kharkiv’ – a key battleground oblast on the Russian border of Ukraine following the full scale invasion in February 2022. We have written about our findings here, and all records are available here.

We also documented the 2011 NATO campaign in Libya, the ensuing civil war with foreign intervention in Libya from 2012, US military and CIA operations in Yemen, Turkish actions in northern Syria and Iraq against Kurdish forces and factions, and the United States campaign against al-Shabab in Somalia. In addition in May 2021, Airwars teams documented all civilian casualties in Israel and the Gaza Strip during the deadly ten day war.

For our comparative analysis with Gaza, we will focus on patterns from Syria as this is the conflict with the greatest intensity monitored by Airwars; however additional comparative results can also be provided upon request.

In order to present the most accurate comparative sample, incidents have been excluded that have been graded either as ‘weak’ or ‘discounted’ across Airwars archives. This means either if incidents only have a single source claim or circular reporting, or if allegations originally documented by Airwars were later found to be false (for example, if an individual Airwars originally categorised as a civilian was later proven to be a militant).

Therefore, Sample sizes are as follows:

566 incidents (Gaza, October 2023)
438 incidents (US-led coalition, Battle of Raqqa, June 6, – October 17, 2017)
6,661 incidents (Syria, September 23, 2014 – February 3, 2024)

References to data sources outside of Airwars own records for comparative analysis include:

Casualty counts provided in the Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts, listed in Annex VI, Part 1 on 315 days during the siege of Sarajevo where casualties were documented. As per paragraphs 14: “The chronology contains cumulative casualty reports submitted by the BiH Institute for Public Health. It also contains casualty reports from UNPROFOR and other sources”. Note that casualty tolls reflect totals from days where the numbers of “persons killed…and…wounded” were documented, rather than calculations around the number of casualties per incident.
Demographic breakdowns for fatalities in the entire 44-month siege of Sarajevo are taken from the International Center for Transitional Justice.
Casualty totals for journalists provided by the Committee to Protect Journalists, which are independently researched by CPJ teams. Note that CPJ differentiates between journalists and ‘media workers’ (including translators, drivers, fixers). Airwars categorises journalists as any individual self-described or described by others as such.

Results

Comparative data points on strike intensity compared to the war against ISIS

After the battles of Mosul and Raqqa, the UN declared that the cities were practically uninhabitable – with at least 80% of the city of Mosul almost entirely destroyed.
One week into the campaign, the IDF said it dropped 6,000 bombs on Gaza. By comparison, in the battle of Mosul, the Coalition reported firing 5,000 munitions in the whole of March 2017 – considered to be one of the deadliest months for civilians (source: AFCENT releases archived by Airwars).
In December, CNN reported that a US intelligence assessment revealed that Israel had already used 29,000 munitions on Gaza in less than three months. The most munitions reportedly used by the US and allies in the war against ISIS in one year was just under 40,000 munitions (source: AFCENT releases archived by Airwars).

Comparative results for civilian casualties

Key comparative data points: Syria (all foreign interventions, 2014-2023), Battle of Raqqa (US-led Coalition, June to October 2017), and the siege of Sarajevo (1992-1996)

Overall comparative findings

Airwars estimates that at least 5,139 civilians have been killed in Gaza in three weeks in October. This is excluding about 200 additional incidents yet to be processed through the Airwars methodology. This is already nearly five times the number of civilians killed in March 2018, the most lethal month in Syria, where 1,043 civilians were killed. It is also more than twice the number of civilians killed in Sarajevo across a 315-day period (2,474 civilians killed) and during the five month long Battle of Raqqa (2,556 civilians).
In Syria, at least 7,514 civilians were killed by foreign actors in 2017, the most lethal year for civilians in that conflict according to Airwars. Between 3,284 and 5339 of these civilian deaths were likely caused as a result of the US-led Coalition air campaign against ISIS. The US has confirmed its role in 121 civilian harm incidents, in which Airwars assessed that at least 648 civilians were killed..
The average lethal incident in Gaza in October 2023 killed twice as many civilians as the average incident during the Battle of Raqqa, and also twice as many civilians as in Syria in March 2018, the deadliest month for civilians in Syria recorded by Airwars.
- 1,043 civilians were killed in 226 incidents in Syria in March 2018, with an average of nearly five civilians killed per incident.
- 342 civilians were killed in 57 incidents attributed to the US-led coalition in Syria in March 2018, with an average of six civilians killed per incident.
- As many as 2,556 civilians were killed in 435 incidents during the Battle of Raqqa, for an average of nearly six civilians killed per incident.
- In October 2023, on average, nearly ten Palestinian civilians were killed per incident in Gaza, making the average incident in Gaza 100% more lethal than that in Syria in March 2018.

On children

Airwars has identified at least seven times more children killed in Gaza in three weeks in October compared to even the deadliest months for children recorded in other conflicts. This includes Syria, where the highest death toll among children was 279 in one month in January 2016. This also includes child casualty figures for the 44-month long siege of Sarajevo, where, according to the International Center for Transitional Justice, around 1600 children were killed. Airwars puts the minimum number of children killed in Gaza at 1,900 deaths. Note that Airwars has yet to finalise a further two hundred incidents which would likely increase this toll significantly.
Proportionally, children also make up a significantly higher number of casualties in Gaza compared to any other conflict documented by Airwars. In three weeks in Gaza in October, where Airwars was able to identify the likely ages of casualties, at least 37% of deaths were children. In even the deadliest year for children in Syria, 2016, children made up 27% of the total death toll. In Raqqa, children made up 15% of the total death toll. Although not documented by Airwars, this also holds true with casualty figures from the 44-month long siege of Sarajevo, where children account for 15% of the total death toll.
Children in Gaza are also more likely to be killed per incident, compared to in other conflicts documented by Airwars using the same methodology. When children were killed in Gaza, the number of children killed was found to be at least two times that of the average number of children killed in an incident lethal to children in the Battle of Raqqa, and during January 2016, the deadliest month for children in Syria.

Comparative samples:

January 2016 was the deadliest month for children in Syria, with Airwars recording at least 279 child fatalities across 97 incidents. This means that when an incident was lethal to children, it killed an average of three children.
Of these 97 incidents, four were attributed to the US-led coalition, where at least 14 children were killed. This means that nearly four children were killed in incidents attributed to the US-led coalition in January 2016.
During the Battle of Raqqa, at least 394 children were killed in 141 incidents. This means that when an incident was lethal to children, it killed nearly three children on average.
In Gaza, at least 1,890 children were killed in 345 incidents (this increases to 1,900 if including incidents with associated allegations of child fatalities but that are considered ‘weak’ as they are based on single source claims). This means that when an incident was lethal to children, it killed nearly six children on average.

On women

The average number of women killed in incidents involving female fatalities in Gaza is more than twice the number of women killed in civilian harm incidents in Syria over nearly a decade, as well as during the Battle of Raqqa.

- In Syria, at least 162 women were killed in 91 incidents in September 2017, or fewer than two women per incident.
- During the battle of Raqqa, at least 281 women were killed in 136 incidents, or two women per incident.
- In Gaza, at least 1,213 women were killed in 324 incidents, or nearly four women per incident.

The number of women killed in Gaza in October 2023 is nearly three times the number of women killed during the Battle of Raqqa; nearly eight times the number of women killed in Syria in September 2017, the most lethal month for women in Syria; and nearly 13 times the number of women killed in incidents attributed to the US-led coalition in September 2017.

- In Syria, 162 women were killed in 91 of the 223 documented incidents from September 2017, the most lethal month for civilian women in Syria.
- Where incidents were attributed to the US-led coalition, 95 women were killed in 44 of the 107 documented incidents in September 2017 that were attributed to the US-led coalition.
- During the battle of Raqqa, 281 women were killed in 136 of the 437 incidents.
- In Gaza, 1,213 women were killed in 324 of the 566 documented incidents from October.

On journalists

The number of journalists killed in Gaza during 25 days in October 2023 is roughly equivalent to the average number of media workers killed in conflict settings per year, over the 30 years prior to October 2023.

- In Gaza, Airwars recorded the killing of 22 journalists across 20 incidents over the course of 25 days.
- According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), between 1992 and 2022, 515 journalists were killed while on a dangerous assignment or by crossfire, or an average of 17 journalists a year.
- In the same period, CPJ reports that 616 journalists were killed while covering war, or an average of 21 journalists a year.
- UNESCO reported that 28 journalists were killed in conflict zones in 2022, and 20 in 2021.

On incidents with associated militant deaths

Airwars recorded 26 incidents in which a militant was also alleged killed in Gaza in October. Across these incidents, Airwars recorded the killing of at least 32 belligerents in these cases.

In Gaza, the average number of civilians killed in incidents that also killed belligerents was nearly seven times as many as those killed in Syria, nearly five times as many as those killed by the US-led coalition in Syria, and nearly twice as many as those killed when the US-led coalition confirmed an incident.

- - - - Across the 26 incidents where belligerents were killed, a minimum of 522 civilians were also killed. In other words, when a belligerent was killed, on average, a minimum of 20 civilians were also killed.
      - Across the nearly ten year period in Syria, at least 454 civilians were killed in 155 incidents where belligerents were also killed. In other words, when a belligerent was killed, on average, a minimum of three civilians were also killed.
        
        55 of these incidents and 207 of these deaths are attributed to the US-led coalition. In other words, nearly four civilians were killed when a belligerent was killed in an incident attributed to the US-led coalition.

Where the US-led coalition confirmed an incident, 87 civilians were killed in eight incidents where belligerents were also killed. In other words, when the US-led coalition confirmed killing a belligerent, nearly eleven civilians were also killed.

See Annex-10 for an excerpt of Airwars’ Internal Causalty Recording Handbook that relates to classifying an individual as a militant.

See Annex-11 for a list of incidents of civilian harm in which a militant was also killed.

Annex-8: Double-Tapping

Methodology

‘Double-tap’ strikes are coded as part of Airwars ‘observations’ tagging approach (see Annex-24 for an extract of Airwars’ assessment handbook), and can originate either from sources explicitly describing the strike as a double-tap incident (for example this January 11, 2024 incident described by Director of the Civil Defense as a “double-tap”), or as a result of the context or circumstances of death or injury – most often to rescue workers (for example this October 8, 2023 incident where paramedics were wounded while responding to a previous bombing).

Another set of incidents have been narrowed down as ‘repeat targets’, as they occurred within less than 0.3km and on the same day and in the same location as another event. See below for details. A full dataset of ‘repeat target’ incidents at varying degrees of accuracy can be provided on request.

See Annex-22 for Airwars’ methodology on the geolocation processes; and Annex-23 for a list of relevant incidents.

Results

In October 2024, Airwars identified at least four incidents described by local sources as ‘double tap’ cases where between 80 and 92 civilians were killed; this includes two incidents where over 30 civilians were killed.

A further twelve incidents were identified where events involved fatalities or injuries particularly among ambulances and first responders, leading to between 17 and 20 civilian casualties.
Based on a methodology that involves identifying incidents on the same date and in the same approximate locations, Airwars additionally identified a further eight incidents in October that may be considered double-tap strikes – occurring within 0.3km and on the same day.
In total, Airwars identified 42 incidents in October where we were able to associate additional incidents of harm on the same day and within a one kilometre radius. At least 306 civilians were killed in these cases.

Airwars uses an accuracy scale when geolocating incidents – see Annex-22 for methodology.

Annex-9: Lack of Resources

Methodology

Starvation and attacks on humanitarian workers has not been systematically researched by Airwars teams, so the following results are from anecdotal cases only. Cases would be tagged as ‘lack of resources’ during Airwars’ monitoring process, as an indicative category pending further investigation. In line with Airwars incident based approach, these cases would only be identified as a potential case if they could be tied to a particular moment in time and place (i.e. this would not account for general statements that xxx number of individuals died due to a lack of resources).

Results

Airwars first started documenting potential cases of civilians dying due to lack of resources in November 2024, with most incidents relating to under-resourced hospitals.

This includes incidents like a November 11, 2023 case, where infants were reported to have died in al-Quds hospital from dehydration due to a lack of available milk, as well as a case the same day at al-Shifa hospital where infants in a nursery were reported to have died after generator failures.

Among these incidents are also cases where individuals were unable to seek treatment for pre-existing conditions – such as the death of a man on February 10, 2024 who was unable to get appropriate medical treatment for diabetes and blood pressure. Or incidents where sustained obstruction of medical supplies meant that facilities were non-functional; such as this February 11, 2024 case where three patients reportedly died after a week-long delay to oxygen supplies at al-Amal hospital.

Analytical note

Airwars collected detailed reporting on munitions used and kinetic strikes engaged throughout previous wars monitored, with particular focus on US military reports during the war against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. All previous research and resources on these conflicts can be found on the Airwars website, including the report Seeing Through The Rubble, which details nature and risks to civilians of munitions in the battles of Mosul and Raqqa; as well as these summaries of strike frequency based on the US’ own reporting.

To the question on adequacy – Airwars has been a leading organisation in the successful campaign to get states to recognise the humanitarian risks of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. In November 2022, more than 80 states signed onto a Political Declaration to this effect – a UN-backed commitment among signatory states to strengthen the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Israel has not signed the commitment, but its major allies including the US, the UK and a substantial number of European states have.

The Declaration recognises: As armed conflicts become more protracted, complex, and urbanised, the risks to civilians have increased. These risks are a source of major concern and they must be addressed. The causes of these risks involve a range of factors, including the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and pose complex challenges for the protection of civilians.

Airwars has also been a leading advocate working directly with militaries, including the United States, to integrate better protections of civilians into battlefield decisions – an area of work driven by ten years of documenting urban battlegrounds like Aleppo, Mosul and Raqqa where civilian harm has been particularly significant. As a result of these efforts and the efforts of Airwars’ partners, in August 2022 the United States Department of Defense announced a major overhaul of US military policy pertaining to civilian protection. The plan has led to the creation of, among other things, Civilian Environment Teams, including “experts in human terrain, civilian infrastructure, and urban systems”.

Our engagement with militaries, policymakers and civil society on this topic, backed by a decade of detailed documentation of where and how civilians have been killed in prominent recent military campaigns, informs our assessment that Israel’s weapons of choice have not been adequate for the dense urban environment in Gaza.

Annex-10: Extract from Airwars’ Internal Casualty Recording Handbook

The following is guidance on how to process and categorise evidence indicating combatant status:

Evidence Scenario	Assessment Output
One source mentions an individual as a ‘mujahid’ or other relevant militant descriptors (see below)- but no accompanying visual or descriptive evidence (e.g. no mention of which armed group the individual was a member of)	Belligerent range 0-1 (combatant status is contested)
Multiple sources mention ‘mujahid’ or other relevant militant descriptors (see below)- but no accompanying visual or descriptive evidence (e.g. no mention of which armed group the individual was a member of).	Belligerent range likely 1-1 (combatant status is confirmed by multiple sources), however: the context should be thoroughly examined, especially given the lack of imagery or associated detail about the armed group. Context dependent, this range might be adjusted to 0-1.
The only source mentioning the militant status is the perpetrator (e.g. the IDF state the target conducted terrorist activities)	Unless there is evidence to the contrary, statements from the perpetrator would not be seen as evidence from local sources as to the militant status of the individual, but would be included in the assessment as context.
Individual is a member of a Hamas political wing, but there are no sources indicating the individual has any connection with militant groups (i.e. not referred to as mujahid, no description/visuals of the individual in military fatigues).	This is a civilian. Gaza has in recent years been run by Hamas as a political body – with leadership both inside and outside of Palestine, made up of a consultative Shura Council and a Politico Bureau (Politburo). Though designated as a terrorist group by the United States, the European Union and others, members of Hamas administrative bodies are not considered members of the militant wing of Hamas and do not directly participate in hostilities. The Hamas military wing is otherwise referred to as al-Qassam, or Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades.
Images of an individual with a weapon, but no other evidence of military participation or membership of an armed group.	Belligerent range 0-1 (combatant status is contested). Owning small arms in Gaza is fairly common, and ownership of a weapon does not necessarily mean the individual is a member of an armed group. However given the dispersed and informal nature of armed groups within Gaza, where many might not wear official uniforms etc. the individual should be classed as ‘contested’.
Individual pictured with insignia, flags, weapons, is in military uniform, is referred to as a member of an armed group.	Belligerent range 1-1 (combatant status is evident). The individual’s name should not be highlighted in bold in the assessment, or listed among the casualties. The status of the individual should be made clear in the text of the assessment. See the ‘militant groups and logos’ tab on the Gaza Workflow tracker for a list of main logos.

Common terms used that might indicate militant status (though not definitively):

- Mujahid – المجاهد
- Commander – القائد
- Colonel – البطل
- Leader – الفدائي

Annex-11: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 incidents of civilian harm in Gaza in which a militant was also killed

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0783	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0783-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31
ISPT0280	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0280-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0135	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0135-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0627	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0627-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0165	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0165-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0073	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0073-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0050	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0050-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0096	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0096-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0364	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0364-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0394	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0394-october-20-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0178A	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0178a-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0134g	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0134g-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0538	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0538-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0118	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0118-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0357	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0357-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0102p	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102p-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0093	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0093-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0186	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0186-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0042	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0042-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0173A	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0173a-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0205	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0205-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0103	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0103-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0102q	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102q-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0368	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0368-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0443	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0443-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0199	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0199-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14

Annex-12: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 incidents of civilian harm in Gaza in which children were killed

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0032	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0032-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0197	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0197-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0417	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0417-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0485	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0485-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0584	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0584-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0073	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0073-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0075b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0075b-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0784	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0784-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31
ISPT0317	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0317-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0504	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0504-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0011	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0011-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0057	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0057-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0102j	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102j-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0043	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0043-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0283	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0283-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0428	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0428-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0381	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0381-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0538	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0538-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0064	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0064-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0718	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0718-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0658	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0658-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27
ISPT0178	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0178-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0044	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0044-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0082	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0082-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0063	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0063-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0318	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0318-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0177	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0177-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0020	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0020-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0384	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0384-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0449	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0449-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0494	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0494-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0452	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0452-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0710	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0710-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0348	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0348-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0583a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0583a-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0783	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0783-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31
ISPT0294	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0294-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0155	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0155-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0241	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0241-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0241d	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0241d-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0490	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0490-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0031	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0031-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0102z	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102z-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0380	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0380-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0405	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0405-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0573	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0573-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0101	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0101-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0702	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0702-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0701	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0701-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0050	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0050-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0278	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0278-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0359a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0359a-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0017	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0017-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0569	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0569-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0004	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0004-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0027	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0027-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0372	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0372-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0451	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0451-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0327	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0327-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0775a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0775a-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0080	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0080-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0592	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0592-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0316	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0316-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0333	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0333-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0461	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0461-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0008	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0008-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0474	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0474-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0507	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0507-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0165	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0165-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0178A	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0178a-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0205	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0205-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0134g	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0134g-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0627	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0627-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0096	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0096-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0093	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0093-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0118	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0118-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0135	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0135-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0186	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0186-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0394	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0394-october-20-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0364	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0364-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0280	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0280-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0002	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0002-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0010	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0010-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0035	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0035-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0036	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0036-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0041	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0041-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0053	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0053-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0049	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0049-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0055	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0055-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0056	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0056-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0062	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0062-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0067	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0067-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0075	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0075-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0125	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0125-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0107	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0107-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0077	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0077-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0081	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0081-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0102m	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102m-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0102n	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102n-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0087	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0087-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0088	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0088-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0089	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0089-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0092	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0092-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0094	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0094-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0098	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0098-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0107b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0107b-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0133	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0133-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0104	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0104-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0112	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0112-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0124	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0124-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0111	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0111-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0115	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0115-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0117	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0117-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0124a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0124a-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0134b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0134b-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0128	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0128-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0134	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0134-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0091	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0091-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0145a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0145a-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0109	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0109-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0136	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0136-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0150	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0150-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0138	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0138-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0148	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0148-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0156	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0156-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0157	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0157-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12
ISPT0187E	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0187e-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0145k	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0145k-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0175	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0175-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0177A	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0177a-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0179	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0179-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0187C	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0187c-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0187GC	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0187gc-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0187GB	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0187gb-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0241a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0241a-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0190	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0190-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0191	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0191-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0195	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0195-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0194	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0194-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0189	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0189-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0200	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0200-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0200b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0200b-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0261	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0261-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0231	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0231-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0236a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0236a-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0223	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0223-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0226	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0226-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0227	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0227-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0215	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0215-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0221	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0221-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0230	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0230-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0222	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0222-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0239b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0239b-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0238	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0238-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0248	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0248-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0253	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0253-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0269	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0269-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0247	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0247-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0255	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0255-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0256	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0256-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0266	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0266-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0242	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0242-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0291	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0291-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0298	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0298-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0282	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0282-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0332e	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0332e-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0290	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0290-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0285	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0285-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0300	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0300-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0295	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0295-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0288	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0288-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0302	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0302-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0286	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0286-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0287	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0287-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0332c	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0332c-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0347	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0347-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0359c	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0359c-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0315	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0315-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0328	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0328-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0329	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0329-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0342	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0342-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0334	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0334-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0320	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0320-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0322	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0322-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0352	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0352-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0359	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0359-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0389	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0389-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0392e	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0392e-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0360	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0360-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0371	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0371-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0378	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0378-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0361	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0361-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0397	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0397-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0415a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0415a-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0396	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0396-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0392	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0392-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0392a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0392a-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0398	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0398-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0402	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0402-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0413	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0413-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0414	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0414-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0415	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0415-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0415b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0415b-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0419	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0419-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0420	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0420-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0429	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0429-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0447	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0447-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0418	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0418-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0422a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0422a-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0422b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0422b-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0422c	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0422c-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0424	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0424-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0434b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0434b-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0445	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0445-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0446	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0446-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0456	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0456-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0463	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0463-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0464	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0464-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0467	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0467-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0465	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0465-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0480	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0480-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0450	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0450-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0453	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0453-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0454	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0454-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0462	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0462-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0469	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0469-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0473	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0473-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0487	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0487-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0481	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0481-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0530	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0530-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0499	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0499-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0520	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0520-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0498	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0498-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0536e	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0536e-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0513	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0513-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0524	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0524-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0532	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0532-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0546	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0546-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0548	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0548-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0549	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0549-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0550	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0550-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0552	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0552-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0565	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0565-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0567	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0567-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0580	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0580-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0543	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0543-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0544	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0544-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0568	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0568-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0577	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0577-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0587	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0587-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0593	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0593-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0613	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0613-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0614	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0614-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0591	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0591-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0594	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0594-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0586	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0586-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0588	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0588-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0589	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0589-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0634	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0634-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0636	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0636-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0637	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0637-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0657	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0657-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27
ISPT0653	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0653-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27
ISPT0698	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0698-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0700	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0700-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0708	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0708-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0719	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0719-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0737	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0737-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0738	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0738-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0749	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0749-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0754	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0754-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0768	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0768-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0761	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0761-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0771	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0771-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0786	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0786-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31
ISPT0785	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0785-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31
ISPT0465	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0465-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0486	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0486-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0480	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0480-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0450	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0450-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0453	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0453-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0454	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0454-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0462	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0462-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0469	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0469-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0473	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0473-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0487	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0487-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0481	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0481-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0530	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0530-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0499	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0499-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0518	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0518-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0520	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0520-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0498	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0498-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0536e	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0536e-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0516	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0516-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0506	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0506-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0513	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0513-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0521	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0521-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0524	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0524-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0532	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0532-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0542	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0542-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0546	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0546-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0548	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0548-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0549	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0549-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0550	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0550-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0552	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0552-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0562	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0562-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0565	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0565-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0567	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0567-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0580	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0580-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0543	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0543-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0544	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0544-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0568	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0568-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0577	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0577-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0587	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0587-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0593	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0593-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0597	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0597-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0613	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0613-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0614	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0614-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0591	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0591-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0594	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0594-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0586	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0586-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0588	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0588-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0589	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0589-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0590	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0590-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0634	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0634-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0636	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0636-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0637	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0637-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0640	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0640-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26
ISPT0663	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0663-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27
ISPT0643	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0643-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27
ISPT0648	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0648-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27
ISPT0657	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0657-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27
ISPT0653	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0653-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27
ISPT0698	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0698-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0700	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0700-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0708	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0708-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0716	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0716-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0719	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0719-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0721	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0721-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0737	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0737-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0738	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0738-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0749	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0749-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0754	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0754-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0768	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0768-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0761	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0761-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0771	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0771-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0786	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0786-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31
ISPT0785	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0785-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31

Annex-13: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incident involving an evacuation route

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0175	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0175-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13

Annex-14: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incidents involving UN facilities

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0044	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0044-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0569	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0569-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0200c	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0200c-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0297	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0297-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0320	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0320-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0395	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0395-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0418	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0418-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0506	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0506-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23

Annex-15: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incidents involving aid recipients

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0549	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0549-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0543	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0543-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24

Annex-16: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incidents involving healthcare infrastructure

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT00012	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt00012-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT00013	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt00013-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0005	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0005-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0278	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0278-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0200a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0200a-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0006	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0006-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0075a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0075a-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0001	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0001-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0070	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0070-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0059	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0059-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0126	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0126-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0102a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102a-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0102b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102b-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0187	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0187-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0268	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0268-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0264	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0264-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0290	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0290-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0419	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0419-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0753	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0753-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0797	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0797-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31

Annex-17: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incidents involving food infrastructure

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0314	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0314-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0064	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0064-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0044	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0044-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0401	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0401-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20
ISPT0434	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0434-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0099	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0099-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0192	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0192-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0214	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0214-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0433	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0433-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0427	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0427-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0543	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0543-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0596	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0596-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0639	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0639-october-26-2023/	2023-10-26

Annex-18: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incidents involving water infrastructure

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0497	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0497-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0022	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0022-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08

Annex-19: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incidents involving religious infrastructure

Code	Permalink	Date	Damage
ISPT0054	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0054-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09	On
ISPT0344	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0344-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18	On
ISPT0477	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0477-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22	Near
ISPT0243	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0243-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16	Near
ISPT0063	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0063-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09	On
ISPT0494	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0494-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23	On
ISPT0707	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0707-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29	On
ISPT0615	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0615-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25	Near
ISPT0372	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0372-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19	On
ISPT0333	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0333-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19	Near
ISPT0042	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0042-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09	Near
ISPT0394	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0394-october-20-2023/	2023-10-19	On
ISPT0022	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0022-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08	On
ISPT0060	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0060-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09	On
ISPT0099	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0099-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10	Near
ISPT0117	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0117-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11	Near
ISPT0120	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0120-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11	On
ISPT0156	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0156-october-12-2023/	2023-10-12	Near
ISPT0188	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0188-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14	On
ISPT0196	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0196-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14	On
ISPT0220	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0220-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15	On
ISPT0269	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0269-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16	Near
ISPT0345	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0345-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17	On
ISPT0281	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0281-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17	Near
ISPT0369	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0369-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19	On
ISPT0403	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0403-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20	Near
ISPT0415	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0415-october-20-2023/	2023-10-20	Near
ISPT0421	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0421-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21	Near
ISPT0448b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0448b-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21	Near
ISPT0462	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0462-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22	Near
ISPT0469	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0469-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22	Near
ISPT0491	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0491-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22	On
ISPT0524	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0524-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23	Near
ISPT0721	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0721-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29	On

Annex-20: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incidents involving the killing of journalists

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0558	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0558-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0740	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0740-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT00013	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt00013-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0027	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0027-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0775a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0775a-october-30-2023/	2023-10-30
ISPT0102p	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102p-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0019a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0019a-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0077	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0077-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0134f	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0134f-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0174	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0174-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0184	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0184-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0190	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0190-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0238	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0238-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0244	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0244-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0287	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0287-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0353	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0353-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0420	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0420-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0470	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0470-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0495	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0495-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0562	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0562-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0537	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0537-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0594	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0594-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0624a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0624a-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0646	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0646-october-27-2023/	2023-10-27

Annex-21: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 Gaza incidents involving the killing of healthcare personnel

Code	Permalink	Date
ISPT0197	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0197-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0178	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0178-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0044	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0044-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT00012	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt00012-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0384	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0384-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT00013	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt00013-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0783	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0783-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31
ISPT0005	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0005-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0241d	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0241d-october-14-2023/	2023-10-14
ISPT0029	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0029-october-8-2023/	2023-10-08
ISPT0278	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0278-october-17-2023/	2023-10-17
ISPT0200a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0200a-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0488	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0488-october-22-2023/	2023-10-22
ISPT0372	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0372-october-19-2023/	2023-10-19
ISPT0006	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0006-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0075a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0075a-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0205	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0205-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0001	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0001-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0010	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0010-october-7-2023/	2023-10-07
ISPT0070	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0070-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0056	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0056-october-9-2023/	2023-10-09
ISPT0125	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0125-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0078	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0078-october-10-2023/	2023-10-10
ISPT0126	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0126-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0102a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102a-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0102b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102b-october-11-2023/	2023-10-11
ISPT0187	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0187-october-13-2023/	2023-10-13
ISPT0231	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0231-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0235	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0235-october-15-2023/	2023-10-15
ISPT0268	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0268-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0264	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0264-october-16-2023/	2023-10-16
ISPT0329	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0329-october-18-2023/	2023-10-18
ISPT0419	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0419-october-21-2023/	2023-10-21
ISPT0500	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0500-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0519	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0519-october-23-2023/	2023-10-23
ISPT0568	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0568-october-24-2023/	2023-10-24
ISPT0597	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0597-october-25-2023/	2023-10-25
ISPT0699	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0699-october-29-2023/	2023-10-29
ISPT0797	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0797-october-31-2023/	2023-10-31

Annex-22: Airwars Geolocation Methodology

Airwars Geolocation Methodology is also available on the Airwars website, here.

Each incident of civilian harm that is assessed by the research team is geolocated to the highest possible degree of accuracy by our geolocators and geolocation volunteers. We only geolocate locations that are related to incidents where civilians have been harmed, as per Airwars’ incident identification process (see above). The geolocation team follows a standardised approach that is applied to all conflicts tracked by Airwars.

Exact Locations

Exact Locations are the highest degree of location accuracy within our archive. An Exact Location is any location that we can prove, through the generation of visual evidence from imagery available to us within the civilian harm assessment. Therefore, Exact Location coordinates are always provided with tagged imagery from sources as well as an interactive annotation of satellite imagery to prove those coordinates.An Exact Location can only exist if there is visual evidence that proves that Exact Location. Sometimes there will be civilian harm incidents that clearly mention a specific building such as a school, or a mosque. This is not enough to qualify these locations as an Exact Location. Although these locations might be easily locatable on Google Maps or Wikimapia, unless we have visual imagery that clearly shows a strike there, these do not qualify as Exact Locations. Any such locations that fall under this technicality are scaled up to Nearby Landmark. This is because there is no way to check whether the strike happened directly on the building, or in the vicinity.

See ISPT0784, RUK079 and ISPT0153 for examples.

Exact Locations (Other)

There are also cases where an assessment in our archive has already been geolocated and published online by individuals and/or organisations. In these cases, we verify and cross check the accuracy of their coordinates and use these as our geolocation. These are identifiable under the category of Exact Location (Other). Credit is attributed within the geolocation notes when possible.

See ISPT1669, for example.

Non-Exact Locations

In cases where there is not enough information to provide an Exact Location, we scale up to the nearest possible degree of accuracy. Our Non-Exact Locations are Nearby Landmark, Street, Neighbourhood/Area, Village, Town, City, Subdistrict, District and Province.

See USYEMTr131, RUK074 and ISPT0028, for examples.

Annex-23: Extracted from Dataset, October 2023 incidents that may constitute ‘double-taps’

Code	URL	Evidence	Stitch-code
ISPT0264	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0264-october-16-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0102a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102a-october-11-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0006	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0006-october-7-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0070	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0070-october-9-2023/	Description of event
ISPT00012	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt00012-october-7-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0001	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0001-october-7-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0102b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0102b-october-11-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0187	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0187-october-13-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0029	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0029-october-8-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0075a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0075a-october-9-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0126	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0126-october-11-2023/	Description of event
ISPT0500	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0500-october-23-2023/	Description of event
ISPT110124b	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt110124b-january-11-2024/	Self-described
ISPT0241d	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0241d-october-14-2023/	Self-described
ISPT0329	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0329-october-18-2023/	Self-described
ISPT0698	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0698-october-29-2023/	Self-described
ISPT0699	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0699-october-29-2023/	Self-described
ISPT0452	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0452-october-22-2023/	Locational-stitch	ISPT0205
ISPT0319	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0319-october-18-2023/	Locational-stitch	ISPT0154
ISPT0086	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0086-october-10-2023/	Locational-stitch	ISPT0392d
ISPT0109	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0109-october-12-2023/	Locational-stitch	ISPT0353
ISPT0236a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0236a-october-15-2023/	Locational-stitch	ISPT0422d
ISPT0392a	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0392a-october-20-2023/	Locational-stitch	ISPT0491
ISPT0422c	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0422c-october-21-2023/	Locational-stitch	ISPT0560
ISPT0537	https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0537-october-24-2023/	Locational-stitch	ISPT0102f

Annex-24: Extract from Airwars’ Internal Casualty Recording Handbook, Observations

OBSERVATIONS	EVIDENCE FROM SOURCES NEEDED
Building collapse	Either images or references by sources to the destruction of a building – these would typically be multistorey buildings, and would likely be in cases where civilians might still be trapped under rubble
Civilians arrested	At least one source mentions that the civilians harmed in the strike were arrested or detained at the time of the incident. This might be, for example, if a strike is conducted on a prison facility or civilians are killed during an arrest raid.
Civilians pulled from rubble	At least one source mentions that civilians were pulled from the rubble or found in the rubble after the incident – the sources would likely be posted in the days after the event.
Cluster munitions	At least one source mentions the use of ‘cluster munitions’ – do not attempt to identify cluster munitions directly from the images relating to the source; pass these onto the open source munitions team if in doubt.
Double tap strike	If through the course of the assessment process assessors have identified a related incident that would be classified as a ‘double tap’, then this box should be checked. Do not check this box unless signed off by senior team members.
Dual national – foreign visa	If at least one source mentions that one of the civilians harmed in the incident was a dual national or was a foreigner in the territory. For example, it might be an American national living in Gaza.
Entire family killed	If at least one source says the phrase ‘entire family’ killed, or if it is clear from the list of the deceased that the family has been killed in its entirety (for example if we find all parents, children, grandparents killed in a strike on a home in which ‘there were no survivors’). Do not try and deduce this otherwise from the list of dead.
Evidence of fire	If at least one source describes a fire in the incident, or if there is imagery relating to the incident where there was a fire.
Explicit mention of no military target	If at least one source says ‘there was no military target’ in the vicinity of the strike. Do not deduce this from the evidence available.
hostage killed or injured	If more than one source mentions that a hostage was killed or injured in the strike – this should be corroborated by several sources, and the sources themselves should be carefully examined due to risks of misinformation.
Images of munitions	If the incident imagery or videos contains clear evidence of munition fragments. If you are unsure, check the osmp.ngo portal for what that evidence might look like.
Moving vehicle	If at least one source says that the explosion/strike was on a vehicle as it was moving.
multi story building	If at least one source describes the building that was hit as having more than two floors – i.e. was likely tower block. This can also be deduced by looking at the associated imagery from the incident.
Newly displaced killed or injured	If at least one source mentions that those killed or injured were newly displaced, in the context of Gaza had been displaced since October 7th
No warning	If at least one source explicitly mentions that there was no prior warning to the strike from the hostile party. Do not deduce this – it has to be said explicitly by the source. The source also has to be referenced in the assessment: e.g. ‘Facebook user XXX said that there was no warning prior to the strike’
Survivor imprisoned	If at least one source mentions that a survivor of the strike was later imprisoned following the incident.
UN worker(s) killed or injured	If at least one source mentions that the casualties were working for the UN at the time of the incident.
US-sourced munition	If at least one source mentions that the munition used in the strike was of US origin. Do not deduce this yourself from images or related content, only tag if mentioned explicitly by a source (this will be further investigated by our munitions team)
Warning given	If at least one source mentions that the strike occurred after a warning was given – the source must also be referenced in the assessment (e.g. Facebook user XXX mentioned that the strike occurred after a warning was sent by the IDF to the XXX family)
CIVILIAN INFRASTRUCTURE
Agriculture	If the incident was on farming land, an agricultural facility, or if farmers or individuals working with / on agricultural facilities were killed or injured. This might also be tagged if access to farming land was made inaccessible by the strike (such as an essential road), This should only be tagged if explicitly referenced by at least one source.
Gas facility	If the incident was on any infrastructure relating to the supply of gas – such as a petrol station. This should only be tagged if mentioned explicitly by a source, or if there is evidence based on the imagery available of damage to a clearly identifiable gas station or facility.
Healthcare facility	If at least one source mentions that the incident was on a medical hospital, a clinic, or any even informal healthcare set-up (such as an emergency tent), or an ambulance or emergency vehicle. This may also include cases if a healthcare workers was injured in the ambulance by secondary explosions.
Humanitarian aid distribution	If at least one source mentions that a humanitarian distribution was taking place at the time of the strike: this might include a queue for shelter, food, medical supplies. The distribution might be referenced as a ‘queue’. This does not apply if civilians are queuing at a commercial facility like a supermarket – though note that it can sometimes be difficult to tell as facilities such as bakeries can also funded by humanitarian organisations. Generally only tag if the distribution has been described by a source as a humanitarian activity.
Humanitarian evacuation	If at least one source mentions that a formal humanitarian evacuation was taking place: for example a corridor was established by the Red Cross, and civilians were fleeing in convoys on a protected route. Do not deduce this from the tags – this should only be tagged if the evacuation route has been described by sources as an evacuation process. If civilians were told to move to another area for safety generally, do not use this tag.
IDP or refugee camp	If at least one source describes the location impacted by the strike as a refugee camp or a facility/area where displaced civilians are living. This might be an informal structure (like a series of tents), or a formal structure (like a UN-managed facility)
Marketplace	If at least one source describes the location of the strike as a commercial area where food and other items for civilians are being sold. The tag should be used if the sources describe the market as being either directly hit or indirectly hit (i.e. if the debris of the strike damaged shops within a market area). The market might be a formal set up – such as a shopping mall, or a more informal collection of shops – such as an impromptu food market.
Oil facility	If the incident was on or led to damage to any infrastructure relating to the supply of oil – such as an oil field or processing center, or trucks used for the transport of oil or gas. This should only be tagged if mentioned explicitly by a source, or if there is evidence based on the imagery available of damage to a clearly identifiable oil facilities.
Power Station	If the incident was on or led to damage to any infrastructure relating to the supply of energy – such as a power station or large generator. This should only be tagged if mentioned explicitly by a source, or if there is evidence based on the imagery available of damage to a clearly identifiable power facilities.
Religious Institution	If at least one source mentions that the incident was on or led to damage to a church, mosque, temple or other self-described religious institution. This can be deduced from imagery, though assessors should generally search for reference by at least one source.
Residential building	If at least one source mentions that the incident was directly on or damaged a ‘family home of xxx’ or a building intended for civilian purposes. This should be self-described by a source, and would refer to the buildings typically used by civilians for their homes. If civilians are living in tents or refugee camps, but their residence was referred to as a ‘family home’ please ensure that the IDP or refugee camp is also tagged.
School	If at least one source mentions that the incident was directly on or damaged a school – self-described by the source. This may be a formal school, such as a high school campus, or this may be an informal education facility set up by humanitarian workers.
UN facility	If multiple sources mention that the incident was directly on or damaged a UN facility – this may be subject to mis/disinformation, so assessors should look for corroborating sources for this type of allegation before tagging the incident.
Water station	If at least one source mentions that the incident directly hit or partially damaged any facility that was involved in the supply of water – this might be a formal water pumping station, or a small individual well.
IMPACT
Education	If either an educational facility or a teacher or education provider was damaged/harmed in the incident. This should not be deduced, but tagged only when sources reference these occurrences. This includes references to religious education classes or teaching.
Food	If any infrastructure relating to the supply of food was hit directly (such as a strike on a bakery) or indirectly (such as a road leading to a critical food market), or if any individual working in food supply was harmed (for example the owner of a market or shop). This should not be deduced, but tagged only when sources reference these occurrences.