Turkish Military in Iraq & Syria

Turkish Military in Iraq & Syria

An internally displaced Kurdish family in northern Iraq, 2016 (Maranie R. Staab)

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Incident Code

TS055

Incident date

January 19, 2017

Location

الباب , Al Bab city, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.371972, 37.51631 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four civilians died in an alleged Turkish artillery bombardment in Al Bab, according to local media.

According to Aleppo 24: “two members of the civil defence were killed and a number more wounded as a result of the Turkish aviation targeting Al Bab  on Thursday [Jan 19th]. The members of the civil defence died as they came to the aid of victims of a previous bombing”.

There are no other details at this time.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Abd al Karim Khalil Al Sheikh Saleh
Adult male Halab News named four civilians killed by "Turkish artillery" in Al Bab killed
Mohammad Subhi al Othman
Adult male Halab News named four civilians killed by "Turkish artillery" in Al Bab killed
Karmo al Haj Karmo
Adult male Halab News named four civilians killed by "Turkish artillery" in Al Bab killed
Ali al Hanan al Karmo
Adult male Halab News named four civilians killed by "Turkish artillery" in Al Bab killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (4 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Heavy bombardment of Turkish artillery and warplanes on the city of # Bab and the town of Qbasin in the countryside of Aleppo. (via halhos1)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Al Bab city (الباب ), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.371972, 37.51631. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (4 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS075

Incident date

February 6, 2017

Location

الباب, Al Bab, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.371972, 37.51631 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between 12 and 47 civilians, likely from one family, reportedly died in an alleged Turkish shelling on Al Bab, Syria.

LCCSY reported that there was a total of 26 dead in Aleppo on that day, the majority of which in Aleppo and the rest in Al Bab.

The Syrian Network of Human Rights said that “19 civilians, including five children under the age of 18 and four females were killed in shelling by the Turkish forces and warplanes on areas in Al Bab city.”

Alaraby provided the highest toll with 47 civilians dead resulting from over 300 shells that fell on Al Bab. Additionally, 20 people were still expected to be under rubble.

Al Bab 24 reported 27 dead and 30 injured and listed the names.

It added that there might be more victims under the rubble.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (7)

Al Ghawi family member
Age unknown killed
Al Ghawi family member
Age unknown killed
Al Ghawi family member
Age unknown killed
Al Ghawi family member
killed
Al Ghawi family member
Age unknown killed
Al Ghawi family member
killed
Al Ghawi family member
Age unknown killed

Family members (5)

Family member of Abdallah Hattab
Age unknown Killed while fleeing the city killed
Family member of Abdallah Hattab
Age unknown Killed while fleeing the city killed
Family member of Abdallah Hattab
Age unknown Killed while fleeing the city killed
Family member of Abdallah Hattab
Age unknown Killed while fleeing the city killed
Family member of Abdallah Hattab
Age unknown Killed while fleeing the city killed

Family members (6)

Mohammad Tayssir Taleb
Adult male killed
Wife of Mohammad Tayssir Taleb
Adult female killed
Said, son of Mohammad Tayssir Taleb
Child male killed
Abd al Basset, son of Mohammad Tayssir Taleb
Child male killed
Daughter of Mohammad Tayssir Taleb
Child female killed
Daughter of Mohammad Tayssir Taleb
Child female killed

Family members (4)

Razzouk al Khudar
Adult male killed
Wife of Razzouk al Khudar
Adult female killed
Child of Razzouk al Khudar
Child killed
Child of Razzouk al Khudar
Child killed

The victims were named as:

Abdallah Hattab
Age unknown male Killed while fleeing the city killed
Ibtissam al Baqi
Age unknown female Killed while fleeing the city killed
Ahmad, son of Hajj Abdallah Abu Kasha
Child Injured in Al Bab a few days ago killed
Khalil Mansour
Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    12 – 47
  • (5–7 children3–4 women2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    30
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Al Bab (الباب), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.371972, 37.51631. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    12 – 47
  • (5–7 children3–4 women2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    30
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TI024a IRI002

Incident date

July 10, 2019

Location

ديري, Dere, Erbil, Iraq

Geolocation

37.098683, 43.520804 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One to two civilians, including an 18-year-old girl, were killed and up to four others injured in alleged Turkish or Iranian artillery strikes in the Bradost region of Iraqi Kurdistan on July 10th, 2019 according to local media reports.

Al-Monitor reported that Iranian artillery shelled the Sidakan border area in Erbil province on July 10th killing a civilian and wounding two others.

ANF said both Iran and Turkey carried out strikes in the area that resulted in the deaths of two civilians and injured four others.

Ihsan Chalabi, mayor of Sidakan town, told Al-Monitor: “On [July 10] at 12:10 p.m. local time, on grounds of targeting the Iranian opposition groups in the region, Iranian artillery shelled areas of Barbazin and Dere, and the villages of Dustanan, Zhuzhila and Talan. Unfortunately, a Kurdish girl named Zaitun Qadir, 18 years old, was martyred, and two of her brothers — Ali, 14 years, and Sirwan, aged 23, were severely injured.”

“The civilians were engaged with agricultural work in Dere village when the Islamic Republic of Iran’s artillery hit them. Consequently, all orchards and wild pastures burned and local citizens evacuated the area. We call on both Iran to halt shelling and the Iranian parties to not launch attacks on Iran from our area, for the sake of protecting civilian lives and their properties.”

Mr Chalabi said that Iran has haphazardly shelled the area from time to time, he insisted there were no clear headquarters and bases of Iranian opposition parties in the area.

The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) on Wednesday in a statement condemned the bombardment and said it “will not allow its border to be used for attacking and disrupting the security of neighbor countries.”

ANF reported that at 9 am the following day Iran and Turkey continued to bombard the Balakati and Bradost regions throughout the day with howitzers, mortars and katusha rockets aided by Iranian reconnaissance planes.

It was reported that whilst the villagers tried to extinguish the fires caused by the bombardments, hundreds of hectares of land was burnt.

EKurd Daily also reported that a girl was killed and her two brothers injured. According to the source, the Iranian army also shelled the villages of Kudo, Alana, and Gundzhor in Haji Omaran of Iraqi Kurdistan.

The incident occured at 12:10:00 local time.

The victims were named as:

Family members (3)

Zaitun Qadir
18 years old female killed
Ali
14 years old male Brother of Zaitun Qadir injured
Sirwan
23 years old male Brother of Zaitun Qadir injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 2
  • (1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–4
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Iranian Military, Turkish Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • Iranian army shells Bradost sub-district in Iraqi Kurdistan, July 10, 2019. Photo: Screengrab/Rudaw TV
  • A picture showing what is said to be Iranian shelling of Iraqi Kurdistan, seen in an image uploaded July 11, 2019. - Twitter/@PDKIenglish

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Dere (ديري), for which the generic coordinates are: 37.098683, 43.520804. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Iranian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Iranian Military
  • Iranian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 2
  • (1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–4
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Iranian Military, Turkish Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS505

Incident date

May 11, 2022

Location

كوباني, Kobani, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.891028, 38.353611 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

At least one man, named Akram Ostak, was killed and others were wounded in two alleged Turkish drone strikes in and near Kobani on May 11, 2022.

According to Hawar News, Turkish drones his struck two locations in Kobani – south of Kobani on the Aleppo road and in a densely populated neighborhood in the city, resulting in the death of “the national figure, “Akram Ostak“, from the people of Sharnakh state in Bakur (Northern Kurdistan), who went to Rojava in response to the general mobilization, in 2014, during ISIS attack on the city of Kobani.”

Bissan Fm added that “others” were wounded by Turkish drones in Kobani but did not specify how many people were injured or at which location they were injured. North Press Agency also identified “civilians wounded” without giving more details.

Hawar News quoted the Autonomous Administration, which issued a written statement that “a Turkish occupation UAV targeted two sites in the city center of Kobani and the Aleppo-Kobani road with two successive attacks one of them led to martyrdom “Akram Ostak” while the other was limited to material damage.”

Basnews also quoted the Autonomous Administration, who identified the victim as “Akram Ostak, 50 years old. He is a Kurdish opposition member from Turkey. He had spent 10 years in Turkish prisons and then sought refuge in Kobani.”

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights also reported that a man was killed by a Turkish drone that launched strikes on two different locations, a car on Aleppo-Ain Al-Arab (Kobani) road and a house in Ain Al-Arab.

All of the sources that reported on the incident attributed the drones to Turkish forces.

The incident occured in the morning.

The victims were named as:

Akram Ostak أكرم ايستك
50 years old male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike, Drone Strike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Damage caused by lleged Turkish drone strikes on Kobani on May 11, 2022. (Image posted by North Press Agency)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Kobani (كوباني), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.891028, 38.353611. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike, Drone Strike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS531

Incident date

July 24, 2022

Location

قرية مجيبيره, Mujbayrah village, Hassakah, Syria

Geolocation

36.809285, 40.191507 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was killed by a reported Turkish artillery and rocket fire when it struck Mujbayrah village, Tel Tamr in Al Hassakah, Syria, on July 24th 2022. Four to five others, including two women, were injured.

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, the bombardment resulted in the death of one civilian in Mujbayrah village and the injury of eight others, including a woman and two children, in the area from Abu Rasin (Zarkan) to Tel Tamr countryside. However, the source did not specify whether the injuries occurred in in Tel Tamr or Zarkan district.

North Press Agency provided the name of the victims: Hassan Ibrahim was killed and Farhan Ali, 50 and Wadha Omar, 70, who are from Mujbayrah, Fayez Mahmoud, 19, from Khashmah, and Rajiha Yassen, 65, from Bab al-kheir were wounded. A source in the Tel Tamr Military Council also told North Press Agency that “one of Tawila’s residents got wounded due to the shelling”.

Hawar News reported that one civilian was killed and four others, including two women, were injured when Turkish forces launched a violent bombardment on Tel Tamr.

North Press Agency added that the shelling in the Hassakah by Turkish forces and their affiliates “left the Tel Tamr power transformer station out of service for the 27th time since the beginning of 2022.” The villages in Tel Tamr that were affected by the shelling were “Tawila, Tel Shanan, Umm al-Keif, the vicinity of the Russian Military Base, Tel Juma’, Ghaybish, al-Mujibera, Bab al-Kheir, and al-Khashma” in northern and western countryside of Tel Tamr”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Hassan Ibrahim
Age unknown male from Mujbayrah killed
Farhan Ali
50 years old from Mujbayrah injured
Wadha Omar
70 years old from Mujbayrah injured
Fayez Mahmoud
19 years old from Khashmah injured
Rajiha Yassen
65 years old from Bab al-kheir injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4–5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (6) [ collapse]

  • A wounded elderly woman due to the Turkish shelling of her village. (Image posted by North Press Agency)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    One of the victims of the alleged Turkish bombardment of villages in Tel Tamr in Al Hassakah, Syria, on July 24th 2022. (Image posted by Hawar News)
  • One of the victims of the alleged Turkish bombardment of villages in Tel Tamr in Al Hassakah, Syria, on July 24th 2022. (Image posted by Hawar News)
  • One of the victims of the alleged Turkish bombardment of villages in Tel Tamr in Al Hassakah, Syria, on July 24th 2022. (Image posted by Hawar News)
  • One of the victims of the alleged Turkish bombardment of villages in Tel Tamr in Al Hassakah, Syria, on July 24th 2022. (Image posted by Hawar News)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Mujbayrah (مجيبيره), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.809285, 40.191507. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4–5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS559

Incident date

October 4, 2022

Location

قرية مطمورة, Matmoura village, Hassakah, Syria

Airwars assessment

Up to two civilians, including a woman, were injured in alleged Turkish shelling of the village of Matmoura on October 4, 2022.

According to Hawar News, a civilian named Yashar Hussein al-Kamouri was wounded in the village of Matmoura by Turkish shelling.

North Press Agency also identified another civilian, a woman named Ishar al-Hussein, was injured in the bombardment of Matmoura. She was taken to a local hospital for treatment of her wounds.

Both Hawar News and North Press Agency reported that there was heavy damage to civilians’ homes from the bombing and displaced people from the villages. All of the sources that reported on the incident attributed the shelling to Turkish forces.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS595

Incident date

May 17, 2023

Location

مخيم عين عيسى, Ain Issa camp, Raqqa, Syria

Geolocation

36.400501, 38.849306 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Nearby landmark level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two civilians were injured by alleged Turkish shelling of Ain Issa camp on May 17, 2023.

Hawar News reported that during the second incident in Ain Issa district on May 17th, two civilians were injured when Turkish forces bombarded Ain Issa camp. Correspondents for Hawar added that the shelling caused an outbreak of fire in the camp, and firefighting teams could not reach the scene to put out the fire due to continuous shelling. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights added that both civilians injured were taken to the hospital to receive treatment, and an image posted by Hawar News shows two men being treated for injuries.

Ronahi TV provided the names of the injured: Muhammad Al-Balikh and Mahmoud Al-Jassem.

All of the sources that reported on the incident attributed the shelling to Turkey.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Muhammad Al-Balikh محمد البليخ
Age unknown male injured
Mahmoud Al-Jassem محمود الجاسم
Age unknown male injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Victims of alleged Turkish shelling of Ain Issa camp on May 17, 2023. (Image posted by Hawar News)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the Ain Issa Camp (مخيم عين عيسى) for which the generic coordinates are: 36.400501, 38.849306. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS623

Incident date

August 16, 2023

Location

راس العين , Ras Al Ayn, Al-Hasakah, Syria

Airwars assessment

On the 16th of August, 2023, at least four civilians, including a child and a woman, were injured in an outbreak of violence between two reportedly Turkish backed armed factions in the Al Mahatta neighborhood of the city of Ras Al Ayn, in Syria’s Al Hasakah Governorate.

The clashes allegedly began after raids carried out by the military police and the Hamza Division on homes belonging to members of the Al Mawali and the Suleiman Shah Brigade. The raids were aimed at smugglers that refused to pay their share of the proceeds to the police and to the Hamza Division, according to reports from both the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and Foxpress. Both sources also reported that civilian women were assaulted during the raids and civilian’s possessions were stolen. In retaliation, according to a source speaking to the North Press Agency,  “Nawaf al-Tarkawi, one of Suleiman Shah’s leaders in the city of Ras al-Ain, attacked the headquarters of the Abu Qafs group of the Hamzah faction with [12.7 mm] medium machine guns and RPGs in the center of the city, which led to six casualties, including two civilians, one of whom was a child. In critical condition, they were taken to the city hospital.” In addition, NPA and Foxpress reported the injury of a woman and three men after a stray shell breached the wall of their house, with NPA mentioning material damage in addition to the civilian injuries from the clashes.

All sources covering the incident have reported the Turkish backed factions as belligerents, and the violence between them as the reason for the civilian injuries – however, at present it is not clear which of the factions are responsible for each of these casualties.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery, Ground operation
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    4–5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Belligerents reported injured
    4

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery, Ground operation
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    4–5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military
  • Belligerents reported injured
    4

Sources (3) [ collapse]