Civilian Casualties

Civilian Casualties

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Incident Code

YS166

Incident date

June 17, 2023

Location

مخيم كويت الرحمة, Kuwait Al Rahma camp, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

Between three and six civilians, including two women and a child, were injured by alleged Syrian Democratic Forces or Syrian regime missile strikes on Al-Amal camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023.

The Syrian Civil Defense (@SyriaCivilDefe) tweeted that four civilians, including a girl and two women, were injured when missiles launched from areas controlled by the Syrian regime and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) struck the Al-Amal camp near the Kuyet Al-Rahma camp.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that five civilians were injured, and that they were taken to the hospital for treatment while TRT Arabi identified three civilians as being injured. The highest casualty toll was reported by BasNews, which stated that six civilians were injured, in addition to material damage.

Sources were conflicted as to whether the missiles were launched by the Syrian regime or the SDF, with some mentioning only that the missiles came from an area controlled by both while others, such as @alkhabour21, attributed the attack to only the SDF with TRT Arabi (Turkish state broadcasting) specifying that mortar shells were launched from Tal Rifaat. BasNews provided the context that the injuries occurred during an exchange of shelling between the SDF and the Turkish army.

The International Commission for Relief and Development (ANSER) released a statement accusing the SDF of carrying out strikes with four artillery shells on the “Village of Hope 2” camp, which houses displaced people in Afrin, and causing destruction to two houses in addition to damage to ten other houses.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights specified the location as “located in the Jabal al-Khaldiya area near Meryamin village in the suburbs of Afrin city in northwestern Aleppo governorate.”

The @SyriaCivilDefe reported that the strikes caused fear and terror among the residents and children within the camp, who other local sources had said were displaced to the camp because of the earthquake.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    3–6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    YPG, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Turkish Forces

Sources (25) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (14) [ collapse]

  • Damage caused by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • A civilian injured by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • A civilian injured by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • A civilian injured by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Damage caused by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Civilian casualties as a result of a missile attack by the SDF militia targeting the Land of Hope camp in the countryside of Afrin, north of Aleppo
  • 5 civilians were injured, as a preliminary toll, as a result of the SDF's attack by Militia, SDF, in the Teranda Mountain camps in Afrin, north of #Aleppo.
  • The bombing of al-Amal camp in Jabal al-Khalidiyah in the Afrin region, north of Aleppo
  • Damage caused by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @thiqanewsagency)
  • Damage caused by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @thiqanewsagency)
  • Damage caused by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @thiqanewsagency)
  • Damage caused by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @thiqanewsagency)
  • Damage caused by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @OrientNews)
  • Damage caused by alleged SDF or Syrian regime missile strikes on Kuwait Al Rahma camp in Afrin on June 17, 2023. (Image posted by @OrientNews)

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    3–6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    YPG, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Turkish Forces

Sources (25) [ collapse]

Incident Code

SDF00031

Incident date

September 7, 2023

Location

مخيم برشايا قرب بلدة قباسين, Barshaya camp near the town of Qabasin, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

On 7 September 2023, a male civilian was reportedly killed and at least one civilian, a child, was injured by artillery shelling from areas controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces and the Syrian regime in the Barshaya camp for displaced people located near the town of Qabasin.

According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, 36 year-old Abdul Sattar Muhammad al-Issa was killed by the shelling and his body was taken to Al-Bab City Hospital. Simultaneously, a news report from the Syrian Civil Defense (SCD) identified the young child to be the nephew of the young man who was killed, who was given medical treatment at the scene by civilians.

A series of tweets from the local area identify the injured child to be the son of Abdul Sattar Muhammad al-Issa. This includes a tweet from @qipqa identifying the child’s name as Karmo while Qasioun News provided the name of the child as Abdul Sattar. However, news reports from the following day, 8 September, from Rasd Syria identified the child to be the nephew of Abdul. According to @HalabTodayTV, “several civilians” were injured by the shelling.

The incident is part of major destruction to the displacement camp from artillery shelling, with @SN4HR named the camp as “Haso camp.”

The majority of sources referred to the shelling as coming from areas controlled by the SDF and the Syrian regime. However, sources such as @OrientNews directly attributed the civilian casualties to the SDF.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Abdul Sattar Muhammad al-Issa
36 years old male killed
Abdul Sattar Karmo
Child male Son or nephew of Abdul Sattar Muhammad al-Issa injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    YPG, Syrian Regime

Sources (23) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • Blood from victims of alleged SDF shelling of Barshaya camp near the town of Qabasin on September 7, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Damage from alleged SDF shelling of Barshaya camp near the town of Qabasin on September 7, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Damage from alleged SDF shelling of Barshaya camp near the town of Qabasin on September 7, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Damage from alleged SDF shelling of Barshaya camp near the town of Qabasin on September 7, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • 36 year-old Abdul Sattar Muhammad al-Issa, killed by alleged SDF shelling of Barshaya camp near the town of Qabasin on September 7, 2023. (Image posted by @SN4HR)

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    YPG, Syrian Regime

Sources (23) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS038

Incident date

October 10, 2019

Location

مارع, Mare, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.481449, 37.197726 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to three civilians, including a woman and a child, were reportedly injured in an alleged YPG/PKK artillery strike on Mare, Aleppo governorate on October 10th, 2019, according to local sources.

Anadolu Agency reported 3 wounded. @SyriaCivilDefe reported that a woman and a child were injured as the result of rocket shelling. A member of the media office in the city, Muammar Nasser, told Smart News Agency that the woman was seriously injured and brought to a hospital. The same source stated that the rockets were launched from Tal Refa’at, which is under control of the Syrian National Army.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (4) [ collapse]

  • Footage of the alleged YPG artillery strike on the city of Mare', Aleppo governorate, on October 10th, 2019 (via @humam_isa).
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG artillery strikes on the city of Mare', Aleppo governorate, on October 10th 2019 (via @SyriaCivilDefe).
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG artillery strikes on the city of Mare', Aleppo governorate, on October 10th 2019 (via @SyriaCivilDefe).
  • Aftermath of alleged YPG artillery strikes on the city of Mare', Aleppo governorate, on October 10th 2019 (via @SyriaCivilDefe).

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the town of Mare (مارع), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.481449, 37.197726. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS075

Incident date

November 23, 2019

Location

المعلك, Al Ma’lek , Raqqa, Syria

Geolocation

36.383600, 38.865586 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Subdistrict level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

According to local sources, three civilians were injured in an YPG artillery attack on Al Ma’lek village, near Ain Issa in Raqqa, Syria on November 23rd, 2019.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Al Ma’lek  (المعلك), located in the vicinity of Ain Issa (عين عيسى) city. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further. The generic coordinates for Ain Issa are: 36.383600, 38.865586.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS110

Incident date

July 26, 2021

Location

اعزاز, Azaz, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.586111, 37.044722 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

At least one civilian was injured in alleged Syrian Democratic Forces shelling on the city of Azaz on July 26, 2021.

According to the Syrian Civil Defense, “a civilian was injured, by missile shelling coming from areas controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces and the regime forces, north of #Aleppo, targeting civilian homes in the city of #Azaz this evening, Monday, July 26th.”

The majority of other sources also identified one civilian as being injured in the strikes. However, a tweet from @dbOFRYEU7XqMrTc reported that there were “no casualties”.

All of the sources that reported on the incident attributed the shelling to the SDF.

The incident occured in the evening.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Syrian Democratic Forces

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • White Helmets help an injured civilian following strikes on Azaz on July 26, 2021. (Image posted by Syrian Civil Defense)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Azaz (اعزاز), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.586111, 37.044722. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Syrian Democratic Forces Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Democratic Forces
  • Syrian Democratic Forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Syrian Democratic Forces

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

YS142

Incident date

July 24, 2022

Location

كفرجنة, Kafar Jana, Afrin, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.589314, 36.951344 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A civilian or civilians were injured in an alleged Syrian Democratic Forces artillery attack on Kafar Jana, Afrin, Aleppo on July 24, 2022.

Multiple sources reported a civilian was injured, including Zaman Al Wasl, which referred to the civilian’s injuries as minor. @Moohame34921486 tweeted that multiple civilians had been injured as a result of this incident.

@Syriacivildefe tweeted that the attack lead to an outbreak of fires in the forests of Kafr Jannah in which the civil defence team had to fight to put out.

@KARA9660478 reported as many as 7 rockets fell on Kafar Jana and Zaman Al Wasl mentioned that civilian homes in the vicinity of the village were also destroyed.

Multiple sources claimed this was a result of SDF shelling.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • More than seven rockets fell on the Kafr Jannah area, from the Qasd militia

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the town of Kafar Jana (كفرجنة), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.589314, 36.951344. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

SDF0008

Incident date

August 30, 2023

Location

ضمان, Daman, Deir Ezzor, Syria

Airwars assessment

Up to four civilians, including a child, were killed during a raid by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in the village of Daman on August 30, 2023.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that four people were killed during a pre-dawn raid of their homes when the civilians refused to follow the SDF’s orders to leave their homes. Zaman Al Wasl identified two of those killed as a child named Hakam Nawaf al-Sarhan (between 9 to 12 years old) and his father, killed by firing squad. Shaam News reported that three civilians, including a child, were killed. The Syrian News Agency provided the name of the father killed as Nawaf Rashu Al-Sarhan and another civilian killed in the raid as Abdul Razzaq Bashi Al-Sarhan, emphasizing that all of the victims were civilians who did not participate in the clashes in Deir Ezzor.

Euphrates Post added that Hani Saleh Al-Medad (28 years old), an employee in Al-Omar field, was also killed during the SDF raid, and that Abdul was killed while sleeping on his roof by a sniper bullet. @DeirEzzore and @AljazeeraSouria tweeted that Hani was initially arrested and that his body was subjected to severe torture.

According to Naher Media, gunmen riding motorcycles killed and injured a number of SDF members when they targeted an SDF checkpoint in the communications department of Daman. In retaliation, SDF forces with 10 camels stormed the village of Daman, firing indiscriminately and executing four civilians in their homes.

All of the sources attributed the raid and civilian casualties to the SDF, while @DeirEzzore specified that the HAT militia was responsible.

The incident occured around dawn.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Hakam Nawaf al-Sarhan
10 years old male killed
Nawaf Rashu Al-Sarhan
Adult male killed

The victims were named as:

Abdul Razzaq Bashi Al-Sarhan
Age unknown killed
Hani Saleh Al-Medad
28 years old male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Ground operation
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (1 child2 men)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (28) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (4) [ collapse]

  • The child named Hakam Nawaf al-Sarhan (between 9 to 12 years old), killed along with his father in clashes in Deir Ezzor on August 29, 2023. (Image posted by Euphrates Post via Facebook)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Very graphic image of the child named Hakam Nawaf al-Sarhan (between 9 to 12 years old), killed along with his father in clashes in Deir Ezzor on August 29, 2023. (Image posted by @DeirEzzore)
  • Hani Al-Saleh, 28 years old, from the village of Daman, killed in clashes in Deir Ezzor on August 29, 2023. (Image posted by @DeirEzzore)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Very graphic image of Hani Al-Saleh, 28 years old, from the village of Daman, killed in clashes in Deir Ezzor on August 29, 2023. (Image posted by @DeirEzzore)

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Ground operation
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (1 child2 men)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (28) [ collapse]

Incident Code

SDF00040

Incident date

September 12, 2023

Location

أبو حمام, Abo Hamam, Deir Ezzor, Syria

Airwars assessment

In the evening of Tuesday September 12th 2023, it is reported that elderly civilian Aliwi Al-Waran was killed and civilians Hamidi al-Aboud al-Karkaz, Hussein al-Muhya, Mahdi al-Dhiab and three other children were injured by an alleged Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) drone near the Al-Hawasha area, on the banks of the Euphrates river, by the town of Abo Hamam, eastern Syria. This was reported by various local news outlets such as Naher Media, Sharqya Reporte and Dery News.

This version of events was corroborated by locally based twitter users @alkhabour21, @HamamIssa7 or @avocat_ali. Euphrates News further reported that elderly Aliwi Al-Waran was working in agriculture during the drone strike and died as a result of his injuries caused during the SDF’s drone attack.

Twitter users @btbab_b72180 and @893_0802 and @syrdrr1 further reported that the drone used by the SDF was an American weapon. However this has not been verified by local news agencies. Local news source Shaam News corroborates these facts and further reports that SDF violence towards civilians has increasedas a result of repeated targeting by snipers and even marches and direct targeting with heavy machine guns.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Aliwi Al-Waran عليوي الوران
Adult male killed
Hamidi Al-Aboud Al-Karakaz حميدي العبود الكركز
Age unknown injured
Hussein Al-Muhya حسين المحيى
Age unknown injured
Mahdi Al-Dhiyab مهدي الذياب
Age unknown injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike, Drone Strike
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Agriculture
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Impact
    Food
    Impact on services or infrastructure relating to education, health or food supply. See methodology note for details.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Source: Euphrates Post

YPG Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    YPG
  • YPG position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike, Drone Strike
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Agriculture
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Impact
    Food
    Impact on services or infrastructure relating to education, health or food supply. See methodology note for details.
  • Suspected attacker
    YPG

Sources (12) [ collapse]