Civilian Casualties

Civilian Casualties

Incident Code

RS3006

Incident date

February 8, 2018

Location

حزة , Hazza, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.52034, 36.36494 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between one and four civilians were killed and several were left wounded as Russian or Assad-waged airstrikes hit Hazza in eastern Ghouta, Damascus, local media reported.

In this poorly reported incident, some sources mentioned one fatality along with two wounded. As the only one, Local Coordination Committees of Syria (LCCSY) put the death toll at four.

Only two of the reports identified the responsible, namely al-Araby and LCCSY, who respectively blame the Syria regime and Russia.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 4
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Reportedly the victim of the contested airstrikes in Hazza, Damascus on February 8th, 2018 (via Om Youssef)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between February 1st - 28th 2018.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 4
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3005

Incident date

February 8, 2018

Location

حمورية, Hamouriya, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.528464, 36.389472 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

As many as six civilians, including one child, were killed and up to dozens were wounded as alleged Russian and/or Assad warplanes launched a series of air raids in Hamouriya in eastern Ghouta, Damascus, local media reported.

The strike, described by Local Coordination Committees of Syria, as “heavy night raids” hit a popular market and residential neighbourhoods, as reported by several media, including Orient News.

The death toll spanned from four to six. However, most sources agreed that the toll reached six, including one child, as reported by Damascus Media Center (DMC) and the Syrian Network for Human Rights (SN4HR). DMC identified the six fatalities by name.

At least two and as many as dozens civilians were wounded with many buried in the rubble, as several buildings were left completely destroyed.

It remains contested who carried out the strike. While SN4HR pointed to regime warplanes, Syrianoor pointed to Russia, while some other sources including al-Araby, pointed to shared Russian/Assad responsibility.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Age unknown male killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown from Deir Al-Asafeer killed
Child male killed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 6
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of the contested shelling of Hamouriya, Damascus, February 8th, 2018, that claimed many civilian victims left parts of the city in rubble (via Alaa Ahmad)
  • The aftermath of the contested shelling of Hamouriya, Damascus, February 8th, 2018, that claimed many civilian victims and left parts of the city in rubble (via Orient News)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between February 1st - 28th 2018.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 6
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2996

Incident date

February 8, 2018

Location

سراقب, Saraqeb, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.859101, 36.797731 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Local sources reported one civilian was killed and several were left wounded as alleged Russian airstrikes hit a grain production in Saraqeb, Idlib.

Footage from the aftermath of the incident showed how the area, containing a farm for grain production was struck and largely left destroyed.

Among the sources who reported the death toll, all reported one fatality. It should, however, be noted that al-Jazeera reported that alleged Russain airstrikes killed a total of seven civilians in both Saraqeb the village of Meshmshan in the countryside of Idlib, but did not specify how many in each town.

Finally, all the sources who identified the culprit, pointed to Russia.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • Footage from the aftermath of the alleged strikes in Saraqeb, Idlib, February 8th, 2018, that inflicted great damage to large parts of the town (via EMC)
  • A grain production was struck and largely left destroyed by the alleged Russian airstrikes in Saraqeb, Idlib, February 8th, 2018 (via EMC)
  • A grain production was struck and largely left destroyed by the alleged Russian airstrikes in Saraqeb, Idlib, February 8th, 2018 (via EMC)
  • A grain production was struck and largely left destroyed by the alleged Russian airstrikes in Saraqeb, Idlib, February 8th, 2018 (via EMC)
  • A grain production was struck and largely left destroyed by the alleged Russian airstrikes in Saraqeb, Idlib, February 8th, 2018 (via EMC)
  • A grain production was struck and largely left destroyed by the alleged Russian airstrikes in Saraqeb, Idlib, February 8th, 2018 (via EMC)
  • A grain production was struck and largely left destroyed by the alleged Russian airstrikes in Saraqeb, Idlib, February 8th, 2018 (via EMC)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between February 1st - 28th 2018.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3004

Incident date

February 8, 2018

Location

سقبا, Saqba, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.519286, 36.382427 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

According to local reports, three civilians, most likely two children and one woman, were killed and up to dozens were wounded as Russian and/or Assad warplanes launched air raids in Saqba town in eastern Ghouta, Damascus.

The strikes, which Local Coordination Committees of Syria (LCCSY) described as “heavy night raids”, left large parts of the town, including a mosque, in complete rubble, as depicted on several videos and images.

Sources agreed that the strikes had claimed three fatalities, and most mentioned that the victims were two children and one woman. Only Enab Baladi, who also put the death toll at three, stating that just one child and her mother were among the victims.

The number of wounded spanned from two to as many as “dozens,” the latter reported by Damascus Media Center. Among the wounded was at least one female child as reported by the Syrian Network for Human Rights (SN4HR).

Sources were conflicting in terms of culpability. The majority, including al-Araby and SN4HR, attributed blame to the Syrian regime, while al-Araby identified Russia as the responsible. Finally, LCCSY believed that both parties were to blame.

The incident occured during the night.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1–2 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • The remains of a mosque that was hit by the contested shelling of Saqba, Damascus, on February 8th, 2018 (via Step News Agency)
  • The aftermath of the contested shelling of Saqba, Damascus, on February 8th, 2018 (via Step News Agency)
  • The immediate aftermath of the contested shelling of Saqba, Damascus, on February 8th, 2018, that left large parts of the city in rubble (via Alaa Alahmad)
  • The immediate and chaotic aftermath of the contested shelling of Saqba, Damascus, on February 8th, 2018, that left large parts of the city in rubble (via Alresalah)
  • The immediate and chaotic aftermath of the contested shelling of Saqba, Damascus, on February 8th, 2018, that left large parts of the city in rubble (via Syria Civil Defense)
  • The contested shelling of Saqba, Damascus, on February 8th, 2018, left large parts of the city in rubble (via Damascus Media Center)
  • The contested shelling of Saqba, Damascus, on February 8th, 2018, left large parts of the city in rubble (via Damascus Media Center)
  • The contested shelling of Saqba, Damascus, on February 8th, 2018, left large parts of the city in rubble (via Damascus Media Center)
  • A wounded girl left in the rubble following the contested shelling fo Saqba, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Syrian Network for Human Rights)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between February 1st - 28th 2018.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1–2 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3002

Incident date

February 8, 2018

Location

دوما, Douma, Damasus, Syria

Geolocation

33.5714804, 36.4033699 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Russian and/or Syrian regime warplanes carried out airstrikes in Douma, eastern Ghouta in Damascus, killing between four and eight civilians, including one woman and one child, as well as wounding several others, local media reported.

Reports mentioned heavy shelling in several parts of eastern Ghouta around February 8th, 2018, including the shelling of Douma.

The death toll spanned from four to eight, the highest reported by al-Araby. Both the Syrian Network for Human Rights (SN4HR) and SCDrifdimashq said that at least four were killed, including one woman and one female child. The latter identified four fatalities by name.

While al-Araby and Local Coordination Committees of Syria said that both Syrian and Russian warplanes had launched the missiles, other reports, including SN4HR, only identified the Syrian regime as the responsible.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Age unknown male killed
Child male killed
Age unknown female killed
Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 8
  • (1 child1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • Aftermath of the contested shelling in Douma, Damascus, February 8th, 2018, that left large parts of the city in rubble (via Smart News Agency)
  • Civil defence members rescuing civilians from under the rubble following the contested shelling in Douma, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Halab Today)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between February 1st - 28th 2018.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 8
  • (1 child1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3001

Incident date

February 8, 2018

Location

عربين, Arbin, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.538143, 36.364331 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

In this event, described by many as a “massacre”, up to 27 civilians, including children and women, were killed and dozens were wounded as the city of Arbeen, eastern Ghouta, Damascus, was subject to heavy aerial shelling, allegedly carried out by either Russia or the Syrian regime.

Some sources, including the Syrian Network for Human Rights (SN4HR), first reported that five civilians were killed by the strikes. However, shortly after it amended that number to “at least 21”, which included nine children and two women.

Four children were identified by name, while Arbeen City’s Facebook page, who identified 14 of the reported 19 fatalities by name, also noted that nine of these were “young people”, not specifying their exact age.

Smart News Agency, who reported 19 fatalities, including six children, said that the warplanes carried out more than 14 raids. Damascus Media Center mentioned that the strikes hit a popular market and residential neighbourhoods in the city.

Some report referred to “several” wounded while others, such as Al Latamna Youth Group, mentioned “dozens of injured”, including women and children, adding that many more were trapped under the rubble.

Most of the sources, who identified a culprit, pointed to the Syrian regime. However, Al Latamna Youth Group attributed blame to Russian warplanes.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male physician killed
Age unknown butcher killed
Child male killed
Child male killed
8 years old female killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown male killed
Age unknown female killed
Age unknown male from Adaba town killed
Age unknown male from Otaia town killed
2 months years old male killed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    19 – 27
  • (4–6 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (14) [ collapse]

  • The streets of Arbin, Damascus, covered in dust and destruction following the contested airstrikes hitting the city on February 8th, 2018 (via Smart News Agency)
  • The moment Arbin, Damascus, is hit by airstrikes on February 8th, 2018 (via Arbeen)
  • The moment Arbin, Damascus, is hit by airstrikes on February 8th, 2018, and the following destruction and civilian harm they inflicted (via Arbeen)
  • Raghd Al Haj Ahmad, 8 years old, was reportedly among the fatalities following the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Mashit25)
  • The body of a little girl is being carried away as she along with many others were killed by the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Syria Civil Defense)
  • A civil defence member carrying one of the many victims out from the rubble following the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Omar Madaniah)
  • Large parts of the city was complete left in rubble following the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, with dozens of civilians wounded or killed, February 8th, 2018 (via Syria Civil Defense)
  • Large parts of the city was complete left in rubble following the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, with dozens of civilians wounded or killed, February 8th, 2018 (via Syria Civil Defense)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The child Omar, only two months old, was reportedly among the victims of the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Abu Ahmad)
  • Large parts of the city was complete left in rubble following the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Damascus Media Center)
  • Large parts of the city was complete left in rubble following the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Damascus Media Center)
  • Large parts of the city was complete left in rubble following the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via Damascus Media Center)
  • A civil defence member carrying one of the many victims out from the rubble following the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via SN4HR))
  • Fawaz Renkusi, doctor at the Irbid Surgical Hospital, was reportedly among the victims of the contested aerial shelling of Arbeen, Damascus, February 8th, 2018 (via SN4HR)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between February 1st - 28th 2018.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    19 – 27
  • (4–6 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3000

Incident date

February 8, 2018

Location

كفرسجنة, Kafr Sajneh, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.5261134, 36.5813398 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Alleged Russian and/or Syrian regime waged shelling of Kafr Sajneh in Idlib killed up to three civilians, including children and women, and wounded up to six children, local media reported.

Local reports varied in terms of the death toll, though most agreed that both children and women were among the victims.

Smart News cited local activists who said that unidentified warplanes had launched raids in the centre of the village, killing a pregnant woman and a man, while also wounding three children.

Meanwhile, Hish Media Center reported that three people were killed; two women and one child, and that additionally six children were wounded.

Other sources reported that the strike claimed two fatalities, both children.

Sources were unclear in terms of culpability. While the majority, including the Syrian Network for Human Rights and al-Araby, pointed to Russia, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights attributed blame to regime warplanes. And finally, Idlib24 pointed to both Russia and the Syrian regime.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (1–2 children1–2 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–6
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Wounded children following the alleged Russian shelling of Kafr Sajneh, Idlib, February 8th, 2018 (via Omar Madaniah)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between February 1st - 28th 2018.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (1–2 children1–2 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–6
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2999

Incident date

February 8, 2018

Location

خان شيخون, Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.44208, 36.65095 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three volunteers from the Civil Defence were reportedly killed and another four wounded as alleged Russian warplanes, possibly in coordination with the Assad regime, carried out aerial shelling of Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, local media said.

The strike reportedly both hit the al-Rahma Hospital and a Civil Defence centre, rendering both inoperable. Edlib Media Center, for example, reported that the hospital “went out of service after it was completely destroyed by Russian air strikes by rocket-propelled grenades.”

Edlib Media Center’s corresponden reported the death of three male volunteers from the civil defence, and multiple reports identified fatalities by name and photo.

The number of wounded spanned from two to four; the victims were also reportedly  volunteers of the civil defence.

While almost all sources blamed Russia, the incident remains contested as Shaam News Network pointed to a shared responsibility between Russia and Assad.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Healthcare facility
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • Funeral for three members of the civil defence who reportedly were killed by contested airstrikes in Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, on February 8th, 2018 (via Mohammed Saloom)
  • The three members of the civil defence who reportedly were killed by the contested airstrikes in Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, on February 8th, 2018 (via Syria Civil Defense)
  • Victims of the contested shelling in Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, on February 8th, 2018 (via Raed Alsaleh)
  • The names of the three civil defence victims following the contested shelling of Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, February 8th, 2018 (via Aleppo White Helmets
  • The contested shelling in Khan Sheikhoun hit the local al-Rahma hospital, rendering it inoperable, February 8th, 2018 (via SN4HR)
  • The three civil defence members who were killed by the contested shelling of Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, February 8th (via SN4HR)
  • The contested shelling in Khan Sheikhoun hit the local al-Rahma hospital, rendering it inoperable, February 8th, 2018 (via SN4HR)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between February 1st - 28th 2018.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Healthcare facility
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (13) [ collapse]