Civilian Casualties

Civilian Casualties

Belligerent
Country
Libya
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

LC318

Incident date

March 22, 2020

Location

مسجد الكحيلي, Kahily Mosque, Tripoli, Libya

Geolocation

32.780097, 13.302522 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Nearby landmark level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A father was allegedly killed and his two sons allegedly injured by LNA shelling on Ain Zara.

Libya Alahar TV said: “A father was killed and two of his sons were wounded by shells fired by Haftar militias at their house in the Al-Kahily area, Ain Zara.”

Other sources reported the same casualty tool. Tk Yahroug Kl shy added that it was a rocket attack.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the vicinity of Kahily Mosque (مسجد الكحيلي) within Ain Zara (عين زارة) for which the generic coordinates are: 32.779842, 13.302453. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LC347a

Incident date

April 16, 2020

Location

العزيزية‎, Aziziya, Tripoli, Libya

Geolocation

32.531577, 13.020688 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One child was allegedly killed by indiscriminate shellong on Aziziya.

Tk Yahroug Kl shy said: “The youth Ahmed Abdel-Qader Al-Busaifi died yesterday after a random shell fell on the Al-Aziziya area yesterday.”

There is currently no further information available.

Fighting in the area points at the GNA or LNA as the belligerent.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Child male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Government of National Accord, Libyan National Army

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the town of Aziziya (العزيزية‎), for which the generic coordinates are: 32.531577, 13.020688. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Government of National Accord Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Government of National Accord
  • Government of National Accord position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Government of National Accord, Libyan National Army

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LC378

Incident date

May 5, 2020

Location

طرابلس‎: الهضبة البدري, Tripoli: Al Hadaba Al Badri, Tripoli, Libya

Geolocation

32.836207, 13.21315 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A family of three, including a child and a woman, was killed in alleged LNA artillery strikes on their home in Al Hadaba Al Badri on May 5th, 2020, according to local sources. Two other civilians were injured.

Libya Observer reported that “on Tuesday [May 5th] night, Haftar’s forces killed an entire family in Al Hadba Al Badri area in south Tripoli as they shelled their house, leading to the killing of a man and his wife, as well as their son”, adding that the parents died on the spot, while their son died due to his injuries hours later in the hospital.

The Field Medicine and Support Center identified the victims as Muhammad Hilal Hafeez (45), Hajar Al Sadiq Al Bourawi (35) and Al Mu’tasim Billah Muhammad Hilal (10), adding that civilians Faraj Ali Dou (55) and Hisham Ali Bashir (age unknown) were injured in the shelling.

The FMSC added that “they transferred the bodies of the martyrs and a wounded person to the Abu Salim Accidents Hospital and two wounded people to the University Hospital, Tripoli, for treatment under the supervision of the Field Medicine and Support Center.”

The incident occured during the night.

The victims were named as:

Family members (3)

The victims were named as:

55 years old male injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 child1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (10) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Al Mu'tasim Billah Muhammad Hilal (10) died hours after arriving in the hospital due to the injuries he sustained in alleged LNA strikes on his home in Al Habada (via Burkan al Ghadab Operation).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Muhammad Hilal Hafeez was killed alongside his son and wife in alleged LNA artillery strikes on their home in Al Habada on May 5th 2020 (via Burkan al Ghadab Operation).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The body of Muhammad Hilal Hafeez, who was killed alongside his son and wife in alleged LNA artillery strikes on their home in Al Habada on May 5th 2020 (via Burkan al Ghadab Operation).
  • Muhammad Hilal Hafeez was killed alongside his son and wife in alleged LNA artillery strikes on their home in Al Habada on May 5th 2020 (via FMSC).
  • Muhammad Hilal Hafeez was killed in alleged LNA artillery strikes on their home in Al Habada on May 5th 2020 (via FMSC).
  • The boy Al Mu'tasim Billah Muhammad Hilal died hours after arriving in the hospital due to the injuries he sustained in alleged LNA strikes on his home in Al Habada (via FMSC).
  • Unclear photo of the aftermath of LNA artillery strikes on a family home in Al Hadaba Al Badri on May 5th 2020 (via Souq Al Khamis).
  • Aftermath of alleged LNA artillery strikes on a family home in Al Hadaba Al Badri on May 5th 2020 (via Souq Al Khamis).
  • Damaged car after alleged LNA artillery strikes on a family home in Al Hadaba Al Badri on May 5th 2020 (via Souq Al Khamis).
  • Damaged car after alleged LNA artillery strikes on a family home in Al Hadaba Al Badri on May 5th 2020 (via Souq Al Khamis).

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the neighbourhood of Al Hadaba Al Badri (الهضبة البدري), for which the generic coordinates are: 32.836207, 13.21315. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

  • Reports of the incident mention the neighbourhood of Al Hadaba Al Badri (الهضبة البدري).

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 child1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LC408

Incident date

May 28, 2020

Location

وادي الربيع, Wadi al Rabie, Tripoli, Libya

Geolocation

32.709600, 13.382378 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One paramedic was allegedly killed by shelling or gunshots in Wadi al Rabie.

The Field Medicine and Support Center said: “The Field Medicine and Support Center mourns with great sadness and sorrow the death of our colleague, Dr. Hammam Abu Bakr Hamid, of the field hospital, Tajoura, as a result of him being targeted while carrying out his humanitarian work, by saving the wounded from all sides.”

Other sources also reported his death and posted pictures of him.

Local reports of fighting point at the LNA or GNA as the culprit.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Dr. Hammam Abu Bakr Hamid
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man1 healthcare_personnel)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Government of National Accord, Libyan National Army

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (4) [ collapse]

  • Dr. Hammam Abu Bakr Hamid, allegeldy killed in Wadi al Rabie on May 28th, 2020 (via Abdo Al Madani)
  • Dr. Hammam Abu Bakr Hamid, allegeldy killed in Wadi al Rabie on May 28th, 2020 (via Arnold Alkikle)
  • Dr. Hammam Abu Bakr Hamid, allegeldy killed in Wadi al Rabie on May 28th, 2020 (via Arnold Alkikle)
  • Dr. Hammam Abu Bakr Hamid, allegeldy killed in Wadi al Rabie on May 28th, 2020 (via Arnold Alkikle)

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the neighbourhood of Wadi Al Rabie (الطويشة), for which the generic coordinates are: 32.709600, 13.382378. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

  • Reports of the incident mention the neighbourhood of Wadi Al Rabie (الطويشة).

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

Government of National Accord Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Government of National Accord
  • Government of National Accord position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man1 healthcare_personnel)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Government of National Accord, Libyan National Army

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

Lib2011-154

Incident date

August 29, 2011

Location

بني وليد, Bani Walid, Misurata, Libya

Geolocation

31.771461, 14.047162 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to 19 civilians were allegedly killed by a NATO airstrike on Bani Walid.

Riyad Jaber said: “The martyr Salah Saad Barnous was martyred on the 29th of Ramadan by the NATO bombing.”

Mustafa Al Fitouri wrote in his book: “On the night of 29th-30th August Salah Sa’ed Barnous 23 years old, an university student and the only son to his mother, was killed while an airstrike targeted a building near a military building inside a residential neighborhood.”

He added: “The fifth airstrike targeted Bani Wali 180 km southwest of Tripoli – before midnight on August 29th 2011 hitting a site called Al Qate in the midtown killed 19.
Al Qate’ is a military site according two witness testimonies collected by the Libyan organisation for Human rights bin Wali branch – the site was empty during the first airstrike and the people gathered to help and all the killed are civilians.”

NATO on that day declared striking “2 Command and Control Node, 1 Military Ammo Storage Facility” near Bani Walid.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

23 years old male killed
Muhammad Al-Fitouri Hassan
15 years old male killed
Sharaf al-Din Taher Muhammad
16 years old male killed
Abdel Hamid Belkacem Al Mahdi
20 years old male killed
Mustafa Ibrahim Faraj
23 years old male killed
Gaddafi Moftah Abdul Salam
15 years old male killed
Saad Abdullah Muhammad
11 years old male killed
Hassan Mohamed Faraj
18 years old male killed
Fathi Abdel Qader Bashir
23 years old male killed
Essam Saleh Muhammad
21 years old male killed
Hussein Ahmed Miftah
21 years old male killed
Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed
34 years old male killed
Osama Saeed Imal
22 years old male killed
Ramadan Abed Ahadi Abdullah
40 years old male killed
Hussein Abdullah Sultan
40 years old male killed
Saad Abdullah Muhammad
Age unknown male killed
Ali Al-Osta ِAhdada
Age unknown male killed
Ayman Dhawal-Shandouli
18 years old male Born 1989 killed
Abdul Karim Sam Abdul Karim
Age unknown killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    19
  • (4 children12 men)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Known attacker
    NATO forces
  • Known target
    Gaddafi forces

Sources (25) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (17) [ collapse]

  • Salah Saad Barnous, allegedly killed by NATO bombing on Bani Walid on August 29th, 2011 (via Riyad Jaber)
  • Salah Saad Barnous, allegedly killed by NATO bombing on Bani Walid on August 29th, 2011 (via Mu’aer Awhida)
  • Salah Saad Barnous, allegedly killed by NATO bombing on Bani Walid on August 29th, 2011 (via Al Awhidat)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Military camp near Bani Walid allegedly hit by NATO airstrike on August 29th, 2011 (via Bani Walid Blogspot)
  • Ayman Dhawal-Shandouli, allegedly killed by NATO airstrike on Bani Walid on August 29th, 2011 (via Taha Al Shandouli)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention a residential building being struck in the vicinity of a military camp within the town of Bani Walid (بني وليد). Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further. The generic coordinates for Bani Walid are: 31.771461, 14.047162.

NATO forces Assessment:

  • Known belligerent
    NATO forces
  • NATO forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

NATO forces

In the vicinity of Bani Walid: 2 Command and Control Node, 1 Military Ammo Storage Facility.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    19
  • (4 children12 men)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Known attacker
    NATO forces
  • Known target
    Gaddafi forces

Sources (25) [ collapse]

Incident Code

Lib2011-169

Incident date

September 18, 2011

Location

الحي رقم 3, Neighbourhood No. 3, Sirte, Libya

Geolocation

31.204873, 16.600943 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

On September 18th, 2011, three children were reported to have died from NATO bombardment in the third residential area of Sirte.

Nour al-Din Nasser al-Zanki reported the deaths of two children, while a Facebook page from a father reported the death of another child on the same day.

NATO confirmed airstrikes on “1 Military Facility, 1 Command and Control Node, 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher, 4 Air Missile Systems” in the vicinity of Sirte on the 18th.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (3)

Iman Ibrahim Ali Bobriq
Child male killed
Hanadi Ibrahim Aboubriq
Child female killed
Najah Salah Nasr Al Shamekh Aboubriq
Child female killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (2–3 children)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Known attacker
    NATO forces
  • Known target
    Gaddafi forces

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the third neighbourhood (الحي رقم 3) of Sirte (سرت‎), for which the generic coordinates are: 31.204873, 16.600943. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

  • Reports of the incident mention the third neighbourhood (الحي رقم 3) of Sirte (سرت‎).

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

NATO forces Assessment:

  • Known belligerent
    NATO forces
  • NATO forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

NATO forces

In the vicinity of Sirte: 1 Military Facility, 1 Command and Control Node, 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher, 4 Air
Missile Systems.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (2–3 children)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Known attacker
    NATO forces
  • Known target
    Gaddafi forces

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

Lib2011-124

Incident date

July 9, 2011

Location

مستشفى الاطفال, Children's Hospital, Misurata, Libya

Geolocation

32.374457, 15.087794 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

On July 9th, 2011, shelling from Gaddafi forces killed two civilians and injured 12 in Misurata, including killing one female infant in the Children’s Hospital.

@Bozakook tweeted that “indiscriminate shelling hit 12 civilians in Misrata, and 2 were killed” (translated from Arabic), and was the only source reporting injuries and two civilian deaths.

Voodito tweeted: “The youngest martyr in Libya is a one-hour-old child. The bombing by the Gaddafi Brigades did not even have mercy on the Children’s Hospital.”

Multiple other sources confirmed the death of the infant.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Name unknown
Child female killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Gaddafi Forces
  • Suspected target
    Libyan rebel forces

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the Children’s Hospital (مستشفى الاطفال), allegedly located within the city of Misurata (مصراتة). Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further. The generic coordinates for Misurata are: 32.374457, 15.087794.

Gaddafi Forces Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Gaddafi Forces
  • Gaddafi Forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Gaddafi Forces
  • Suspected target
    Libyan rebel forces

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

Lib2011-208

Incident date

October 19, 2011

Location

سرت‎, Sirte, Libya

Geolocation

31.20892, 16.58866 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Six civilians, including one child, were allegedly killed by a NATO airstrike on Sirte.

Libya Now said: “Yesterday, Saturday, the revolutionaries found in the city of Sirte a cemetery containing the remains of 6 people from one family, including a child, who were killed by the bombing of the second area at dawn last Wednesday.”

Other sources published similar reports.

NATO did not report airstrikes on that day.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6
  • (1 child)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    NATO forces
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Sirte (سرت), for which the generic coordinates are: 31.20892, 16.58866. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

NATO forces Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    NATO forces
  • NATO forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6
  • (1 child)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    NATO forces
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (3) [ collapse]