Turkish Military in Iraq & Syria

An internally displaced Kurdish family in northern Iraq, 2016 (Maranie R. Staab)

Belligerent
Turkish Military
Country
Iraq
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

TS318

Incident date

October 12, 2019

Location

كوباني, Qamishli, Hassakah, Syria

Geolocation

36.889165, 38.353649 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Local media reported that a young female, named as Eiman Hajji Sharif, died after being shot by a Turkish sniper in Qamishli.

Kurdish Red Crescent named the victim Imam Ibrahim, male, 24 years old while other sources named them Iman Ibrahim.

However, all other sources said that the victim was female and named her as Eiman Hajji Sharif, publishing her photo.

Rudaw said: “The 24-year-old mother of a two-year-old girl lost her life after being sniped, according to her father, when she was bringing bread to her family on Saturday morning [Oct 12th] on the Belt Road in #Qamishlo”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Imam Ibrahim
22-25 years old female KRC List killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground)
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Causes of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions, Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (3) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Qamishli (كوباني), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.889165, 38.353649. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground)
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Causes of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions, Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS331

Incident date

October 12, 2019

Location

الحوارنة, Hawarna , Hassakah, Syria

Geolocation

36.852291, 40.079842 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights published a video of an injured child. The video mentions that this girl was wounded after a strike hit her house. She mentions that her parents were in the house, although it is not clear if they were injured/killed in the attack.

No further details are currently available.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • A wounded girl following an alleged Turkish strike on her home in Hawarna neighbourhood, eastern Ras al-Ain, Hasaka Governorate, Syria, oct 12th (via SO4HR)

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the neighborhood of Hawarna (الحوارنة), in the city of Ras al-Ayn (رأس العين) for which the generic coordinates are: 36.852291, 40.079842. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

  • Reports of the incident mention the neighborhood of Hawarna (الحوارنة), in the city of Ras al-Ayn (رأس العين).

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS319

Incident date

October 12, 2019

Location

تروازية checkpoint, Tirwaziya checkpoint, Raqqa, Syria

Geolocation

36.460242, 39.593628 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Exact location (other) level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three civilians including a female politician, The Secretary General of the Future Syria Party, Hevrin Khalaf, were “executed” when the convoy they were travelling in was reportedly ambushed by “Turkish backed mercenary factions” on the road between Jazeera canton and Ain Issa, multiple sources said. Hervin Khalaf’s driver Farhad Ramadan was also believed to be killed in the attack.

@IndivisibleNet said that Hevrin Khalaf was “raped” and then “stoned” to death, but the official autopsy report did not mention any signs of rape.

Amnesty International collected witness testimonies, verified video footage and reviewed a medical report to conclude that Khalaf was “was ambushed on 12 October on the international highway linking Raqqa to Qamishli. She was dragged out of her car, beaten and shot dead in cold blood by fighters from Ahrar al-Sharqiya. They also summarily killed her bodyguard”.

Kurdistan 24 reported: “Yenisafak, a Turkish newspaper close to the regime of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan confirmed the Saturday killing of Syrian Kurdish politician Hevrin Khalaf and hailed it as a success in Ankara’s ongoing invasion of northern Syria after US President Donald Trump ordered American troops out. Khalaf, 35, the General Secretary of Syria Future Party, was executed on the spot by the SNA militants, according to a statement her party released.”

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights added that it had “documented the death of a female party official accompanied by two civilians. They were shot dead by the Turkey loyal factions in Qameshly – al-Raqqah road as they were travelling in civilian cars to join the ‘Human Shields Tent’ sit-in in Tal Abyad city”.

@IndivisibleNet claimed that Hevrin Khalaf had  “been raped then then stoned to death by Turkey backed Jihadists during Turkey’s ethnic cleansing operation against Kurds in Syria”.

NRT provided more detail on the victim: “The Secretary General of the Future Syria Party Hevrin Khalaf was killed on Saturday morning (October 12) after several gunmen backed by Turkey shot her and her driver on the main highway between Qamishli and Manbij.

“This is clear evidence that the Turkish state is continuing its criminal policy towards unarmed civilians,” a statement from the Syrian Democratic Council said. Hevrin Khalaf was born in 1984 in Al-Malikiyah town, also known as Derik, and became a graduate from the Faculty of Civil Engineering in 2009. She recently founded the Future Syria Party, which promoted democracy, pluralism, and decentralism.”

Hawarnews described Hevrin Khalaf as “a role model for society in the most difficult times”.

ANF published footage, stating: “In the footage our agency ANF has received it could be see how the mercenaries from Ceyş El Vatani try to destroy the bodies of their victim. The car is that of Hevrin Khalaf.”

BBC news Arabic conducted an investigation into the incident that was published as a video by BBC News on January 13th, 2020. The investigation found out that a convoy that belongs to Ahrar Al Sharqiya, a faction of the Syrian National Army supported by Turkey, crossed from Turkey to Syria on the morning of that day. They took over a checkpoint on the motorway between Hasakah and Manbej. A video of them at the checkpoint show them arresting people and executing one person. Through satellite images, the investigators were able to identify the features of the area and locate the videos to be on the M4 Highway, which Hevrin Khalaf was passing through to get to a meeting from Hassaka to Raqqa, her party’s headquarters.The checkpoint that Ahrar Al Sharqiya took over was identified as Tirwaziya checkpoint.

The investigation said that Hevrin Khalaf’s car was approaching towards the same checkpoint, on which people were being executed. The car was shot at, blowing out its tyres. The investigation geo-located the car’s near the checkpoint. Ahrar Al Sharqiya confirmed to BBC that few of their members were on Tirwaziya checkpoint on that day and that they opened fire at a car that didn’t stop, and claimed they didn’t target Hevrin specifically and did’t know who was killed.

The investigation believes that when the car stopped, SNA members approached the car, the driver’s body is on the floor and Hevrin is still inside the car alive, and she was able to identify herself to the fighters. Also, most of her car windows are bulletproof and were intact.

A farmer which BBC spoke to as a witness said the fighters left the area around 07:30 am on that day leaving behind bodies of those killed. He first saw Hevrin’s body, and her face was disfigured, with her leg badly damaged and probably broken.

The farmer said he found nine bodies on the Tirwaziya checkpoint and said people wouldn’t help in moving the bodies fearing they might face the same fate.

At 12 pm, the bodies of Hevrin and three other people were moved to the Malikiya Military Hospital. The medical report states that Hevrin was shot more than 20 times, both legs were broken and she was subject to severe physical assault.

The investigation concludes that the above-mentioned “Hevrin was dragged from the car alive, physically attacked and executed outside the car by Ahrar Al Sharqiya fighters.”

In a statement, Ahrar Al Sharqiya told BBC those who executed Hevrin Khalaf did so without permission and that they have been sent to trial.

 

The incident occured in the morning.

The victims were named as:

Hevrin Khalaf
35 years old male The Secretary General of the Future Syria Party killed
Adult male Hervin's driver killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground)
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 woman2 men)
  • Causes of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons, Use of objects and other means
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Turkish Military, Free Syrian Army

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • Hevrin Khalaf, 35, the General Secretary of Syria Future Party, reportedly "execuedt" by Tirkish-backed mercenaries on Oct 12th (via 35, the General Secretary of Syria Future Party)
  • The abandoned car in which Herwin Khalaf and two other civilians were reportedly killed by Turkey-bcaked mercenaries, oct 12th (via NRT)
  • The abandoned car in which Herwin Khalaf and two other civilians were reportedly killed by Turkey-bcaked mercenaries, oct 12th (via @TurkeyUntold)
  • The abandoned car in which Herwin Khalaf and two other civilians were reportedly killed by Turkey-bcaked mercenaries, oct 12th (via @TurkeyUntold)
  • The abandoned car in which Herwin Khalaf and two other civilians were reportedly killed by Turkey-bcaked mercenaries, oct 12th (via @TurkeyUntold)
  • Footage by ANF. The new outlet said: "In the footage our agency ANF has received it could be see how the mercenaries from Ceyş El Vatani try to destroy the bodies of their victim. The car is that of Hevrin Khalaf." (via ANF)
  • Autopsy report of the body of Hevrin Khalaf, who was executed by alleged "Turkish backed mercenary factions" on the highway linking Raqqa to Qamishli on October 12th, 2019 (via @rcallimachi).
  • Autopsy report of the body of Hevrin Khalaf, who was executed by alleged "Turkish backed mercenary factions" on the highway linking Raqqa to Qamishli on October 12th, 2019 (via @rcallimachi).
  • UN Commission of inquiry on Syria. September 2020.

Geolocation notes (3) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the Tirwaziya (تروازية) checkpoint, located on the M4 highway between Raqqa (الرقة) and Hassakah (الحسكة). Extensive research by Newsy & Bellingcat, and the BBC, show this location to be at these coordinates are:  36.460242, 39.593628.

  • Imagery:
    Google Earth

  • Imagery:
    BBC

  • Imagery:
    Newsy & Bellingcat

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Free Syrian Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Free Syrian Army
  • Free Syrian Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground)
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 woman2 men)
  • Causes of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons, Use of objects and other means
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Turkish Military, Free Syrian Army

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS332

Incident date

October 12, 2019

Location

رأس العين, Ras Al Ain, Hassakah, Syria

Geolocation

36.848579, 40.073576 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that it had “documented from Tal Tamr Hospital the civilian injuries including children as a result of the Turkish ground and aerial bombardment on Ras Al-Ayn area”.

According to the Kurdish Red Crescent list of civilians injured and killed between 9 and 13 October 2019, one of the the injured civilians is Jamal Sheikh Ali Tarboush, male, 26 years old.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Jamal Sheikh Ali Tarboush
26 years old injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Ras Al Ain (رأس العين), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.848579, 40.073576. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS320

Incident date

October 12, 2019

Location

تروازية checkpoint, Tirwaziya checkpoint, Raqqa , Syria

Geolocation

36.460242, 39.593628 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Exact location (other) level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two to three civilians were reportedly shot dead Turkish-backed forces in Raqqa governorate, according to multiple sources.

The combat status of two of the victims is unclear. @ahraralsharqia claimed that Turkish-backed forces captured “elements of PYD_YPG_PKK gangs”. However, @TurkeyUntold said that “two civilians and one fighter” were killed.

@TurkeyUntold published  avideo, statting: “The Turkish led group that cut the M4 this morning [Oct 12th] in NE #Syria, was Ahrar al-Sharqiyah, battalion 123. Their media guy here admits it. Clear they pull over civilians cars. Video ends after a gun shot sound.”

The New York Times published extensive information on the incident. It refers to the victims as “Kurdish captives”, adding this was a “a possible war crime”. The report says: “Turkish-backed Syrian Arab fighters killed at least two Kurdish prisoners on Saturday, one of them lying on the ground with his hands bound behind his back, in a powerful illustration of the forces unleashed by President Trump’s decision to pull back American troops shielding former Kurdish allies in northern Syria.

A video that captured one of the killings shows two of the Turkish-backed group’s fighters firing bullets at close range into the man with his hands tied while their colleagues shout ‘God is great!’ The second prisoner who was killed appears in the video alive and wearing a military uniform, but he is missing from the group’s later social media post about its captives.

‘The guy in the military outfit was neutralized,’ said Al Harith Rabah, a media activist with the Arab fighters who was at the scene.

The New York Times wrote: “The killing of two Kurdish captives by Arab fighters — a possible war crime — is an indication of the ethnically tinged hatreds flaring in the wake of President Trump’s pullback of American forces in the area. The move cleared the way for a Turkish military incursion into a northern Syria border area aimed at rooting out the Kurdish-led militia that had been the key American-allied ground force helping to wrest territory from the Islamic State.”

Amnesty International reported that “Ahrar al-Sharqiya fighters (…) captured and then killed at least two Kurdish fighters. They also abducted two civilian men, both of whom work with a local medical organization and were transporting medicine at the time they were captured. Family members confirmed to Amnesty International that their whereabouts remained unknown. Amnesty International verified the time and date of the videos showing that the summary killings and abduction of the two civilians carried out on the afternoon on 12 October.”

The incident occured in the afternoon.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground)
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (2–3 men)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (3) [ collapse]

  • Translation: "Captures to elements of the gangs #PYD_YPG_PKK During the battles taking place north of Raqqa within the framework of the operation"
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Footage showing alleged Turkish forces shooting two prisoners dead in Raqqa, Oct 12th.
  • Translation: "With photos and pictures, brutality of the occupying Turkish state against civilians

Geolocation notes (4) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the Tirwaziya (تروازية) checkpoint, located on the M4 highway between Raqqa (الرقة) and Hassakah (الحسكة). Extensive research by Newsy & Bellingcat, and the BBC, show this location to be at these coordinates are:  36.460242, 39.593628. This is further confirmed by @GregoryPWaters.

  • Reports of the incident mention the Tirwaziya (تروازية) checkpoint, located on the M4 highway between Raqqa (الرقة) and Hassakah (الحسكة).

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

  • Distribution of points in video material according to one source.

    Imagery:
    @GregoryPWaters

  • Imagery:
    BBC

  • Imagery:
    Newsy & Bellingcat

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground)
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (2–3 men)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS333

Incident date

October 12, 2019

Location

طريق M4 جنوب تل أبيض, M4 Highway south of Tal Abyad, Hassakah, Syria

Geolocation

36.425609, 39.017534 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Street level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported: “Members of the Turkey-loyal factions carried out a field execution of 6 new citizens by the fire of machine guns, after they took control of the highway to al-Hasakah city south of Tal Abyad for a short time, before they withdrew from it”.

No further details are currently available.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground)
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the M4 highway south of Tal Abyad (تل أبيض), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.425609, 39.017534. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

  • Reports of the incident mention the M4 highway south of Tal Abyad (تل أبيض).

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Counter-Terrorism Action (Ground)
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS322

Incident date

October 12, 2019

Location

Rojava/Xerbî, Hassakah, Syria

Geolocation

37.053978, 41.212549 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Multiple sources reported that an unspecified number of civilians were wounded in alleged Turkish shelling of the Xerbi neighbourhood, Qamishli.

Rojnews said:  “The occupied Turkish army bombed the neighborhood of Xerbî (Rojava) near the town of al-Qamishli. The occupied Turkish army bombed the neighborhood of Xerbî (Rojava) near the town of al-Qamishli. As a result, civilians were injured. No information was provided on the numbers and their status.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–5
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention the neighbourhood of Rojava/Xerbî for which the generic coordinates are: 37.053978, 41.212549. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

  • Reports of the incident mention the neighbourhood of Rojava/Xerbî.

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–5
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

TS334

Incident date

October 12, 2019

Location

تل أبيض, Tal Abyad, Raqqa, Syria

Geolocation

36.690203, 38.947563 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that it had “documented the death of 3 civilians by the Turkish ground shelling that targeted Tal Abyad area”.

No further details are currently available.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the town of Tal Abyad (تل أبيض), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.690203, 38.947563. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Turkish Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Turkish Military
  • Turkish Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Turkish Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]