All Belligerents in Libya, 2011

Mourners in Majer, Libya in 2011 following a NATO airstrike which killed at least 34 civilians, according to multiple reports. Image courtesy of Sidney Kwiram/ Human Rights Watch

Belligerent
Country
Libya
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

Lib2011-180

Incident date

September 24, 2011

Location

سرت‎, Sirte, Libya

Geolocation

31.20892, 16.58866 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was allegedly injured by NATO bombing on Sirte.

TV Arrai reported bombing of residential areas by NATO.

Surt Son posted a video on Youtube of a civilian with face injuries. The narrator says he was injured while sitting near his car.

NATO on that day reported hitting “2 command and control nodes, 1 military staging location, 1 division storage bunker and radar facility, 3 ammunition storage facilities, 1 weapon firing position, 1 ammunition and vehicle storage facility, 1 vehicle staging point, 29 armed vehicles” near Sirte.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Known attacker
    NATO forces
  • Known target
    Gaddafi forces

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Sirte (سرت‎), for which the generic coordinates are: 31.20892, 16.58866. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

NATO forces Assessment:

  • Known belligerent
    NATO forces
  • NATO forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

NATO forces

In the vicinity of Sirte: 2 command and control nodes, 1 military staging location, 1 division storage bunker and radar facility, 3 ammunition storage facilities, 1 weapon firing position, 1 ammunition and vehicle storage facility, 1 vehicle staging point, 29 armed vehicles.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Known attacker
    NATO forces
  • Known target
    Gaddafi forces

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

Lib2011-061

Incident date

April 6, 2011

Location

مصراتة‎, Misurata, Libya

Geolocation

32.374457, 15.087794 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

On April 6th 2011, Gaddafi forces launched an airstrike or artillery shelling on Misurata in the evening that resulted in the reported deaths of five people and the injuring of an additional 25.

Al Jazeera said that five people were killed and 25 others wounded in the bombing on areas controlled by the rebels in Misurata, the third-largest city in Libya. The port was temporarily closed as a result.

@egyptynewsnet also said five were killed.

The incident occured in the evening.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • Civilians reported injured
    25
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Gaddafi Forces
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Misurata (مصراتة), for which the generic coordinates are: 32.374457, 15.087794. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Gaddafi Forces Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Gaddafi Forces
  • Gaddafi Forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • Civilians reported injured
    25
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Gaddafi Forces
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

Lib2011-158

Incident date

September 7, 2011

Location

التسعين, Al Tes'een, Sirte, Libya

Geolocation

31.012631, 17.448006 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

On September 7th, 2011 NATO forces bombed the Al Tes’seen near Sirte, killing a 60 year old woman and injuring two children, a four year old girl and nine year old boy. Another unnamed woman was shown on video in the hospital, but it was unclear if she had died as a result of the strikes.

The woman killed was named as Saada al-Zayani, who died during surgery from injuries due to the bombing. The four year old girl was injured in the chest, while the nine year old boy suffered injuries to his right leg.

Nour Al Din Nasser Al Zanki reported the names, while a Surt Son video, dated on September 7th, showed the unnamed woman.

NATO reported hitting “5 Armoured Fighting Vehicles, 2 Armed Vehicles” in Sirte on that day.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

4 years old female injured
9 years old male injured
Adult female killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 2
  • (1–2 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Known attacker
    NATO forces
  • Known target
    Gaddafi forces

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Unnamed woman, from a Surt Son video dated September 7, 2011

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the area of Al Tes’een (التسعين), for which the generic coordinates are: 31.012631, 17.448006. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

NATO forces Assessment:

  • Known belligerent
    NATO forces
  • NATO forces position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

NATO forces

In the vicinity of Sirte: 5 Armoured Fighting Vehicles, 2 Armed Vehicles

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 2
  • (1–2 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–3
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Known attacker
    NATO forces
  • Known target
    Gaddafi forces

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

Lib2011-018

Incident date

February 23, 2011

Location

ميدان الشهداء‎, Martyrs’ Square, Zawiya, Libya

Geolocation

32.895, 13.181111 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Nearby landmark level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

On February 23rd, 2011, seven civilians were killed by the 32nd Brigade in the central square of Al Zawiyah. A UN report mentioned the shooting of seven unarmed civilians.

The report states “The Commission found local authorities exercised initial restraint when engaging protesters in the central square in Al Zawiyah. The Commission determined a violent response began after the 32nd Brigade arrived on 23 February 2011 and shot at unarmed protesters, killing seven, and prompting an escalation of violence on both sides.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Ground operation
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the central square and its general surroundings. One possible match for this square is the Martyrs’ square (ميدان الشهداء‎), for which the generic coordinates are: 32.895, 13.181111. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Ground operation
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

Lib2011-203

Incident date

October 9, 2011

Location

الزاوية‎, Zawiya, Libya

Geolocation

32.759709, 12.732495 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

At least two men died from injuries they sustained after being detained by rebel forces at Judayem detention centre and later died in Al Zawiyah Hospital on October 9, 2011 according to UN Report Source Page 81.

Both men were arrested on September 17, 2011 in Al Zawiyah by rebel forces and taken to Judaism detention centre. One of the men was seen by a witness being beaten in custody, was briefly released on October 8, 2011 but was rearrested just hours later and the following morning his family was informed he died at Al Zawiyah Hospital with many visible injuries. The second man was brought to Al Zawiyah Hospital in a coma and died shortly after, with various injuries consistent with torture.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Ground operation
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men2 other protected persons)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected target
    Libyan rebel forces

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city of Zawiya (الزاوية‎), for which the generic coordinates are: 32.759709, 12.732495. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Ground operation
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men2 other protected persons)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Small arms and light weapons
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected target
    Libyan rebel forces

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LQ068

Incident date

September 24–October 1, 2018

Location

درنة, Derna, Libya

Geolocation

32.75591, 22.637772 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Heavy artillery shelling from the LNA was reported in Derna between September 28th and October 1st.

The Libya Observer wrote: “Derna in eastern Libya has been the scene for fierce clashes since Sunday between Derna Protection Force and the self-styled army forces led by Khalifa Haftar.

Eyewitnesses said clashes renewed in Wasit Al-Blad neighborhood, where Derna Protection Force fighters are still in control as Haftar’s forces continue to encircle them.

They also said artillery shells were heard all over the city.”

LNA-affiliated 218 TV described the targets as terrorists: “Sources in the city of Derna confirmed to the 218 the outbreak of violent clashes last night, between the army forces and terrorist groups, in the center of the old city.

Military units used heavy weapons to target some of the observatories of these groups and were able to hit them directly.”

Images from various Twitter sources indicate that various civilian buildings were hit. However, no civilian harm was reported.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Images showing the aftermath of the alleged strikes

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LC188

Incident date

September 1, 2019

Location

طرابلس‎: مطار معيتيقة, Tripoli: Mitiga International Airport, Tripoli, Libya

Geolocation

32.895041, 13.2785 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Nearby landmark level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between one and seven civilians were allegedly injured because of LNA artillery shelling on Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli.

Alwasat quoted the spokesman for the ambulance and emergency service who said one civilian was injured.

218TV reported: “Mitiga airport wass shelled with more than five rocket-propelled grenades on Sunday, with conflicting reports of injuries among Libyan pilgrims returning from the Holy Land, while media sources confirmed damage to a Libyan Airlines Airbus.”

Al Motawaset said: “Al-Arabiya news channel revealed a number of Libyan pilgrims coming from Saudi Arabia were injured after shells landed on Mitiga airport in Tripoli.”

The Libya Observer wrote: “Airport sources said the pilgrims were leaving the plane around 2:00 a.m. when the rockets started falling a few meters away from their plane, causing panic among the pilgrims and wounding a number of them.”

Libya Alahrar TV said that “Haftar militants targeted Mitiga civilian airport with rocket-propelled grenades on Saturday night, wounding four civilians, including three pilgrims, one of whom was a woman whose plane had arrived at the airport from Saudi Arabia at the moment of the targeting.”

The Libya Herald reported: “The internationally-recognized Libyan government led by Faiez Serraj and the United Nations condemned Saturday’s attack on Mitiga airport which led to civilian casualties. The attack was attributed to the Khalifa Hafter forces attacking Tripoli.

There was some minor damage to infrastructure, parked cars and shrapnel damage to one aircraft. The Serraj Health Ministry reported four civilian injuries, including 3 pilgrim passengers (a woman and two men) and another civilian were taken to Mitiga and Central Tripoli hospitals, while another 30 pilgrims who had fainted and experienced high rates of blood pressure and diabetes as a result of the panic – were also admitted to hospitals.”

According to Reuters, “nearby Mitiga hospital received one small girl who had been wounded, a doctor there told Reuters.”

Afrigate News accused local media of fabricating news that the LNA was responsible and said the shelling was conducted by a local militia. Libya Akhbar and Al Motawaset also accused the Buqra militia.

UNSMIL sent a team to assess the situation and concluded: “Following another attack today, 01 September, on Mitiga airport UNSMIL dispatched an assessment mission to the airport. The mission was able to confirm that four projectiles struck the civilian parts of the airport; three projectiles landed in the parking lot and one hit the runway resulting in damage to an airplane that had carried dozens of pilgrims returning from the Hajj. At least two crew members were injured while rushing out of the plane.”

UNSMIL later quoted the UN special representative for Libya, Ghassan Salamé, saying that seven civilians were injured.

A UN report published in December 2019 said there were various options of responsibility: “Although no armed group has yet taken responsibility for this attack, it is certain that HAF units were not responsible for this attack, as they had no ground forces anywhere near the area of the firing point.

There were some claims from a confidential source that the Tajura-based GNA-AF 33rd Brigade (a.k.a. Rabhat al-Durua’) was responsible for the attack as they are involved in an internal-GNA-AF conflict with the Special Deterrence Force (SDF) who control the prison at the airport in which 33rd Brigade individuals are detained. Notwithstanding this claim though, the “banana project” area has also recently being used as a staging area for the 2nd Brigade, the Nawasi battalion, the Somoud brigade and battalion 301. Elements of the now dispersed Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade (TRB) may also have transited this area, and as they have recently had a member imprisoned by the SDF, they too would have a motive for the attack.

An alternative claim is that perpetrators were from a mixed group of ex-regime supporters, Haftar supporters and criminals from Ghararaat. They are known to have previously attacked the airport in 2017/2018 and they have serious issues with the SDF.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–7
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (26) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (11) [ collapse]

  • Pictures of the aftermath
  • More pictures from the incident
  • Video report from Libya Alahrar TV
  • Supposed surveillance footage from the airport
  • Picture of the shelling (via Libya Akhbar)
  • Another picture of the shelling (via Libya Akhbar)
  • UNSMIL examining the airport (via Address Libya)
  • UNSMIL examining the airport (via Address Libya)
  • A car supposedly damaged by a shell (via Address Libya)
  • UNSMIL examining the airport (via Address Libya)
  • UNSMIL examining the airport (via Address Libya)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the Mitiga International Airport (مطار معيتيقة), for which the generic coordinates are: 32.895041, 13.2785. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–7
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (26) [ collapse]

Incident Code

LC217

Incident date

October 13, 2019

Location

جامعة افريقيا المتحدة, University of Africa , Jafara, Libya

Geolocation

32.531577, 13.020688 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Nearby landmark level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was reportedly injured by an LNA airstrike on Aziziya.

Hona Souq Al-Khmies reported: “The fall of random shells on Aziziya on the farm of Al-Madani and the injury of a member of the family lightly wounded and leaving material damage.”

The LNA had confirmed airstrikes in the area, according to Ewan Libya and 218 TV: “The Air Force targeted an ammunition depot and mechanisms, located behind the University of Africa, other sites belonging to armed groups in Camp Hamza, the vicinity of Khalat Al Furjan and a farm on Sidra Street, in addition to successive strikes on armed concentrations in the vicinity of the Aziziyah area.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the vicinity of the University of Africa (جامعة افريقيا المتحدة), for which the generic coordinates are: 32.772972, 12.750194. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Libyan National Army Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Libyan National Army
  • Libyan National Army position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Declared strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Libyan National Army

Sources (4) [ collapse]