Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS010

Incident date

October 2, 2015

Location

دير حافر‎, Dayr Hafir, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.151494, 37.707842 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Six civilians including three children were reported killed in alleged Russian airstrikes on Dayr Hafir. According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, ten civilians were also injured when the attack struck the local market. Al Jazeera placed the death toll at 25 while Shaam Network said that 20 were killed.

There were some local claims the attacks were the work of the Syrian regime, and not Russia.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6 – 25
  • (3 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    10
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Unknown, Syrian Regime

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (4) [ collapse]

  • Al Aan TV reports unspecified raids on a market in Dayr Hafir having killed at least 20 civilians. An activist being interviewed blames the regime. (via Al Aan TV)
  • Tweet by an activist alleges that there are 103 dead in Russian raids on the countryside of Aleppo: 80 martyrs in the city of al Bab 20 martyrs in Dayr Hafir and two martyrs in Tadif. (via hatem_6868)
  • Tweet by Hamza AlHairi Free Syrian army says that 20 people were killed in Dayr Hafir following alleged regime raids on a local market. (via Hamza AlHairi)
  • Tweet by Azaz Media alleges Regime warplanes were the ones to commit 'a terrible massacre' in Dayr Hafir. (via Azaz Media)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the town of Dayr Hafir, for which the generic coordinates are: 36.151494, 37.707842. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Unknown

The Kremlin made no direct mention of strikes on Dayr Hafer for October 2nd-3rd 2015, although did note other attacks in Idlib governorate: “On October 2, in the course of the day, the Russian air grouping continued making pinpoint strikes at the “Islamic State” international terrorist grouping. Su-34, Su-24M and Su-25 aircraft carried out 14 sorties from the Hmeymim air base attacking 6 ISIS objects. At Maarrat Al-Nuuman (Idlib), Su-25 attack aircraft completely destroyed a large workshop aimed for production of bombs and improvised explosive devices and disguised as a plant for gas cylinders.Terrorist base for armament and military equipment was also eliminated. As a result of an air strike, over ten pieces of military hardware including infantry fighting vehicles were burnt down…

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6 – 25
  • (3 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    10
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Unknown, Syrian Regime

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS042

Incident date

October 15, 2015

Location

تيرمعلة, Teir Ma'ala, Homs, Syria

Geolocation

34.802364, 36.709287 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

As many as 57 civilians were killed in a sequence of Russian airstrikes across Homs governorate. According to reports the attacks were in support of a Syrian regime ground offensive, backed by Iranian troops.

In Teir Ma’ala, up to 23 non-combatants were said to have died alongside militants in a 6am attack. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights later described the victims as including “the Teir Ma’ala operations room commander, 8 citizens and one child” while the Shaam News Network raised the toll to 15, noting that “one of the air strikes targeted a gathering of civilians in front of a bakery in the town near al Nour Mosque, causing dozens of deaths and injuries.” The Syrian Network for Human Rights put the final death toll at 24: “23 civilians, including 2 children and one armed opposition gunman.”

Human Rights Watch concluded that the attack “apparently violated the laws of war.“

The VDC later named 10 of the dead.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Child male killed
Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Adult female killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    15 – 23
  • (2 children1 woman7 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Footage showing the injured civilians following warplane raids on Talbissa, 15th October 2015.(via: Shaam News Network)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Graphic photos showing civilians killed as a result of alleged Russian raids on the villages of the northern Homs countryside, 15th October 2015. (via: @rafiksalkini)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photo of the one of the victims of an alleged Russian raid on Teir Ma'ala, 15th October 2015. (via @rafiksalkini)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photo of the one of the victims of an alleged Russian raid on Teir Ma'ala, 15th October 2015. (via @rafiksalkini)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photo of the one of the victims of an alleged Russian raid on Teir Ma'ala, 15th October 2015. (via @rafiksalkini)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photo of the one of the victims of an alleged Russian raid on Teir Ma'ala, 15th October 2015. (via @rafiksalkini)
  • Abdulsalam Hammoud killed in an alleged Russian raid on Teir Ma'ala, 15th October 2015. (via, VDC)
  • Rabei Ezzeldeen al-Hammoud killed in an alleged Russian raid on Teir Ma'ala, 15th October 2015. (via, VDC)
  • Abdulellah Ibraheem al-Raheemo killed in an alleged Russian raid on Teir Ma'ala, 15th October 2015. (via, VDC)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia made no reference to strikes in Homs governorate for October 15th-16th 2015, despite its aircraft clearly having been filmed in action (see below event.)

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    15 – 23
  • (2 children1 woman7 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS075

Incident date

October 23, 2015

Location

جبل الزاوية, Jabal Al Zawiya, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.71345, 36.52933 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Media activist Wassim Al A’dil was one of two civilians reported killed in an airstrike at Jabal al Zawiya. The other has been named by Violations Documentation Center as Mohammad Abd al-Razzaq al-Harami. The pair were reportedly on their way to cover nearby Russian airstrikes when they were caught up in an attack.

Shaam News network paid tribute to Al A’dil: “The martyr is from Ma’arat al No’man and is one of the leading activists in the province of Idlib. Wassim played a huge part in covering the events on the ground in all the areas of the provinceWith the loss of Wassim the media of the Syrian Revolution will miss one of its stars, whose smile lit up much of the darkness and cheered up many sad people.”

While most sources linked the strike to Russia, VDC reports that regime aircraft were responsible.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Mohammad Abd al-Razzaq al-Harami
Adult male
Wassim Al A’dil
Adult male Media activist killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Wassim Al A’dil, killed in an airstrike Oct 23rd 2015 (via SNN)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Jabal Al Zawiya (جبل الزاوية), for which the generic coordinates are: 35.71345, 36.52933. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Unknown

There is no published Russian Defence Ministry record for October 23rd-24th 2015.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS108

Incident date

November 1, 2015

Location

منطقة أسيا, Assiya, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.271066, 37.078834 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

An unnamed civilian male was reported killed in an alleged Russian airstrike in Assiya. Almodon made no mention of civilian casualties, though did report strikes by “Russian jet fighters” on Assiya.

No additional information is presently available.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

In its report for military actions on October 31st-November 2nd 2015, the Kremlin confirmed carrying out strikes in Aleppo governorate: “In the suburbs of Aleppo, a Su-34 bomber made a strike against a terrorist camp used for training of militants arrived from other countries. As a result of hits of air bombs, the ammunition depot as well as the training facilities were eliminated.”

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS143

Incident date

November 12, 2015

Location

بينين, Benin, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.711012, 36.640349 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to four non-combatants, including two children, were killed and 10 injured in alleged Russian nighttime airstrikes on Benin.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights stated that phosphorous weapons may have been used in two strikes, which burned 500m of agricultural land. Additional strikes then targeted an olive pressing facility and a bakery in Bayneen. Nine civilian cars were also allegedly burnt out, and six others damaged.

One of the founders of the Human Rights Office for Violations Documentation in Idlib province, a lawyer was killed. Mr Abu Rawad’s son and one of his nephews also died, despite receiving treatment for their injuries at a field hospital.

Shaam News Network reported that Abu Rawwaddevoted all his time to collecting and documenting violations by the Assad regime and his security forces.”

An activist from Al Zawiya mountain added: “Abu Rawwad was a beacon of light who worked day and night documenting the regime’s violations and visiting with us on a daily basis in our office… He often couldn’t afford the fuel for his motorcycle and he had a poor family with several children… But this did not prevent him from  working even for one moment thanks to his morals and his love for the revolution and the revolutionaries.”

The Syrian Network said this was the first time it had documented the alleged use of phosphorous bombs by Russian forces. Upon analysing the remnants of shells, it believed white phosphorous was used. According to the Network, no non-combatants were reported injured due to the use of phosphorous bombs, but three were killed as a result of the subsequent shelling of the olive pressing facility and the bakery.

Khaled Nour, a local resident and eyewitnesses told SN4HR: “The warplanes launched two airstrikes on Bayneen town. The rocket exploded in the air and I saw a group of fireballs. When it reached the ground, it caused a great fire. Then the Russian warplanes conducted another airstrike on a nearby region with four vacuum rockets which destroyed the olive presser and the bakery. The shelling injured dozens of individuals. We did not hear the sound of the rocket that dropped the phosphorus bombs but we heard the sound of the warplane and we saw the fireballs and very thick white smoke.”

Moustafa Ghareeb, a local activist who examined the shelled region told SN4HR: “I went to the first location and saw remnants from phosphorous shelling spread over a wide area. Almost 500 meters of agricultural lands were burned as well. The bombs left remnants of molten iron which became watery fluid due to the heat as well as the black viscous substance that smelled like sewage water. The residents in the region told me that a rocket targeted the olive presser where 15 cars were present next to it; all of which belonged to civilians since we are harvesting olives these days.

Then the warplanes targeted the people who escaped the shelling on the olive presser and it shelled the square where the cars had been parked. A few minutes later, it targeted a bakery with three rockets. I saw great and massive destruction to the oil presser, the bakery and the flour storage house. In addition to the human casualties, the shelling damaged the olive crops which the residents rely on to earn a living. I believe that Russian reconnaissance planes monitored car movements to and from the olive presser which made it a target for the warplanes. Russian warplanes not only kill us, they destroy our crops and livelihoods.”

Mohamad Thakara, head of a local civil defence team which went to the shelling location, told the Network: “When we arrived there, the grove was burning and we put [the fire] down. We also collected bomb remnants… Later, Russian warplanes targeted the region with rockets thought to be vacuum rockets and targeted the olive presser, the nearby square and the bakery. We pulled out victims’ bodies from under the rubble and transported injured people. During that time we were shelled again and two members of our team were injured, and our ambulance was damaged. I took my teammates, the rest of the injured people and the victims to the hospital. The shelling caused great destruction to the agricultural lands and civilians’ cars. The Russian warplanes conducted more than 9 airstrikes on a purely civilian region. They did not only target civilians but civil defense members as well”

Smart News published a video showing the alleged bombing, which it claimed killed four civilians, and injured 10.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed
Layth Mosleh Zraiq
Child male killed
Adnan Omar Zreiq
Adult male killed
Obada Adnan Omer Zraik
Child male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    10
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (10) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A victim of the alleged Russian raid on Bayneen, November 11th-12th (via SN4HR)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    an image that depicts the shelling aftermath due to thought to be Phosphorous bombs
  • Russian planes bomb the edges of the village of Bennin with phosphorice bombs.
  • A photograph showing the remnants of the bombing with bombs believed to be phosphorous on the town of Benin-Adlab.
  • an image that depicts the shelling aftermath due to thought to be Phosphorous bombs
  • Images that depict the shelling aftermath due to thought to be phosphorus bombs on Bayneen town:
  • An image that depicts the ambulance that was damaged in the shelling on Bennin
  • An image that depicts bombs believed to be Phosphorous due to the alleged Russian shelling on Benin town
  • the image of one of the victim
  • image of another two victims

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has reported carrying out strikes in Idlib governorate between November 11th-12th 2015.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    10
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS176 CS148

Incident date

November 20, 2015

Location

الرقة‎, Ar Raqqah, Syria

Geolocation

35.949949, 39.007363 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A number of sources reported that an adult woman from Soran in Hama governorate was killed in an alleged Coalition airstrike on Raqqah.

Violations Documentation has published the name & photo of the victim which as said he was killed due to the coalition air force’s shelling. 

In their January 2020 civilian casualty assessment, the US-led Coalition assessed reports that they were responsible for civilian harm in this strike as “non-credible”, stating that no Coalition actions were conducted in the geographical area at that time.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult female named by VDC killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    US-led Coalition, Russian Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Yasin Khaled al-Nouri (Picture courtesy of VDC)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city Ar Raqqah (الرقة‎), for which the generic coordinates are: 35.949949, 39.007363. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

US-led Coalition Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    US-led Coalition
  • US-led Coalition position on incident
    Non credible / Unsubstantiated
    Insufficient information to assess that, more likely than not, a Coalition strike resulted in civilian casualties.
  • Reason for non-credible assessment
    No Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area
  • Civilian deaths conceded
    None
  • Civilian injuries conceded
    None
  • MGRS coordinate
    37SEV007784
    Military Grid Reference System

Civilian casualty statements

US-led Coalition
  • Jan 3, 2020
  • November 20, 2015, in Raqqah, Syria, via Airwars report. After a review of all available records it was assessed that no Coalition actions were conducted in the geographical area that corresponds to the report of civilian casualties. 2881/CS148 37SEV007784

Original strike reports

US-led Coalition

No Coalition airstrikes were reported for Syria on November 19th-20th 2015.

CJTF-OIR confirmed that for November 20th-21st 2015, “Near Ar Raqqah, one strike struck an ISIL tactical unit and destroyed an ISIL checkpoint.“

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    US-led Coalition, Russian Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS208

Incident date

November 28, 2015

Location

أباد, Abbada, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

35.9227696, 36.9230783 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A family of four was reported killed in the village of Abbad in the Aleppo countryside, following alleged Russian raids.

An eyewitness reported the following to Orient News: “Everyone here works in agriculture and shepherding. I was in the shop buying some things and we saw the plane. It struck the first blow on the western side of the village. Another plane came and carried out another raid on the southern side of the village. After two or three minutes it struck this house here. They were sleeping. There were a man, his wife and his two daughters, a 2-year-old and a one-year-old. They were all martyred.”

VDC has named the family members that killed in “Russian strikes”.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (4)

Adult male Named by VDC killed
Adult female Named by VDC killed
Child male Named by VDC killed
Child male Named by VDC killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Abbada (أباد ), for which the generic coordinates are: 35.9227696, 36.9230783. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Unknown

Russia reported that “In the course of the last week, November 26 – December 4, the Russian aircraft have performed 431 combat sorties from the Hmeymim airbase making pinpoint strikes on 1458 terrorist objects in the Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Deir ez-Zor and Raqqah provinces.”

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS241

Incident date

December 7, 2015

Location

الهلك, Huluk (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.237367, 37.171512 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Five civilians including two women and two children were killed – and dozens injured – in an alleged Russian airstrike targeting Al Huluk School, Aleppo, according to the Shaam News Network.

The White Helmets reported that four dead bodies were recovered from the rubble and that 10 injured people were rescued. It said that among the dozens of wounded were many students, as the bombing occurred during school hours. Al Jazeera interviewed witnesses in Aleppo who said an aid station at the school was bombed.

Four victims were named by the Violations Documentation Center. They also noted one Unidentified male child

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Abdul Hameed Sultan
Adult male killed
Bilal Mahmoud
Child male killed
Sahar Ghazal al-Hamwi
Adult female killed
Fatme Ahmad al-Jasem
Adult female killed

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • (2 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • The White Helmets work to remove victims from an alleged Russian strike on Al Hulluk, Dec 7th (via White Helmets)
  • The White Helmets reported that they removed four dead bodies and rescued 10 injured civilians following the alleged Russian strike on Al Hulluk, Dec 7th (via White Helmets)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has published no known record of its strikes in Syria between December 4th-8th.

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • (2 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]