Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS1376 CS320

Incident date

September 30, 2016

Location

الشحيل, Al Shaheel, Deir Ezzor, Syria

Geolocation

35.0865, 40.45232 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two or three children and an elderly woman died in an airstrike on a primary school at al Shaheel, according to local media – though reports were conflicted as to whether this was the work of the Syrian regime, Russia or the US-led Coalition.

Deir Ezzor 24, the Syrian Observatory and Euphrates Post reported only that unspecified warplanes had carried out the attack. The pro-regime site Al Ahed News instead said Assad’s forces had carried out the attack – as did Step News, Smart News, Syrian Press Center, and the Syrian Network (which said the attack was on a primary school.)

Masar Press and Deir Ezzor 24 instead blamed the Coalition.

In the most detailed report Syria News Desk – which blamed Russia – noted: “Media opposition activist Abu Wassim al-Dairi, quoting civilian sources said that ‘the air force targeted with two raids a secondary School in Al Shaheel which shelters displaced people from the village of Almrieih which is adjacent to the military airport at Deir Ezzor. The attack killed two children and an elderly woman and a man, and injured four others, all from one family. The bombing resulted in the destruction of the school building and extensive damage to nearby houses.”

In their May 2020 civilian casualty report, the US-led Coalition assessed reports that they were responsible for civilian harm in this strike as “non-credible”, stating that no Coalition actions were conducted in the geographical area at that time.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Franjiya Mhaissan al Nahar
Adult female the wife of the late Ali Al Ahmad Abu Hassan killed
Malak Barhan Adel al Mushref
Child female killed
Sulaf Mohammad Karbit
Child female The four victims were all internally displaced from nearby Deir Ezzor city. They were named by Euphrates Post. killed

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (2–3 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, US-led Coalition, Syrian Regime

Sources (33) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • Malak Barhan Adel al Mushref, killed in alleged Russian, Syrian regime and Coalition raid on Al Shaheel, 30th September 2016. (via Euphrates Post)
  • Image showing the aftermath of the alleged Russian, Syrian regime and Coalition raid on Al Shaheel, 30th September 2016. (via DeirEzzor24)
  • Image showing the aftermath of the alleged Russian, Syrian regime and Coalition raid on Al Shaheel, 30th September 2016. (via DeirEzzor24)
  • Image of the alleged location which was targeted by the Russian, Syrian regime and Coalition raid on Al Shaheel, 30th September 2016. (via DeirEzzor24)
  • A mother and her three children reported killed in alleged regime shelling on a primary school in Al Shaheel. [Via: SN4HR 30th September 2016]
  • Euphrates post names three of the victims killed in warplane shelling on al Shaheel. 30th September 2016
  • Four civilians reported killed following alleged coalition strikes on al Shaheel. [Via: Masar Press 30th September 2016]
  • DE24 reports that four civilians from a displaced family were killed in the air raids that targeted al Shaheel. 30th September 2016
  • DE24 tweets photos of the aftermath of the raids on al Shaheel. 30th September 2016

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between September 1st – 30th 2016.

US-led Coalition Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    US-led Coalition
  • US-led Coalition position on incident
    Non credible / Unsubstantiated
    Insufficient information to assess that, more likely than not, a Coalition strike resulted in civilian casualties.
  • Reason for non-credible assessment
    No Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area
  • Civilian deaths conceded
    None
  • Civilian injuries conceded
    None
  • MGRS coordinate
    37SFU323836
    Military Grid Reference System

Civilian casualty statements

US-led Coalition
  • May 1, 2020
  • Sept. 30, 2016, in Al Shaheel, Syria via Airwars report. After a review of all available records it was assessed that no Coalition actions were conducted in the geographical area that corresponds to the report of civilian casualties. 3056/CS320 37SFU323836

Original strike reports

US-led Coalition

Coalition strike reports mentions strike in the province of Deir Ezzor without mentioning the village in name.
"On Sept. 30, coalition military forces conducted 23 strikes against ISIL terrorists in Syria and Iraq. In Syria, coalition military forces conducted 12 strikes using attack, fighter, and remotely piloted aircraft against ISIL targets. Near Abu Kamal, three strikes destroyed six oil tanker trucks, two vehicles, and an oil pump jack and damaged a vehicle and another oil tanker truck. Near Dayr Az Zawr, one strike destroyed 24 oil tanker trucks and two oil well heads."

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (2–3 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, US-led Coalition, Syrian Regime

Sources (33) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1828

Incident date

January 12, 2017

Location

بنش, Binnish, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.955207, 36.708289 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Exact location (via Airwars) level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

As many as four civilians were killed – including a child –  and 28 more were wounded, following an alleged airstrike on Binnish, which struck a market, local media reported. Sources were conflicted as to who was to blame, some blaming the Syrian regime, and other blaming Russia.

Due to the extent of damage in the aftermath, there is much footage showing civilians being dug up from the rubble hours after the raid.

Residential homes and the main market in Binnish were reportedly struck and destroyed.

According to @ZakariaNassani, the aerial bombardment consisted of 11 raids on the town.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–28
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (13) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The immediate aftermath of an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via Ahmad Fallah)
  • White helmets clearing the rubble and finding another wounded civilian buried in the rubble following an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via Edlib Media Center)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A civilian is pulled from the rubble during a news bulletin reporting on the alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via Al Jazeera mubasher)
  • A civilian is pulled from the rubble following an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @ZakariaNassani)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A civilian is pulled from the rubble following an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @ZakariaNassani)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @ZakariaNassani)
  • Am injured civilian following an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @ZakariaNassani)
  • A civilian is pulled from the rubble following an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    White helmets clearing the rubble and finding another wounded civilian buried in the rubble following an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via Baladi network)
  • The market in the aftermath of an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @SyrianCoalition)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @HalabTodayTV)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @HalabTodayTV)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian and Syrian regime raid on Binnish, 12th January 2017. (via @HalabTodayTV)

Geolocation notes (1) [ collapse]

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  • Tagged visual material from sources.

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between January 1st – 31st 2017.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 4
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–28
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1874

Incident date

January 30, 2017

Location

قصر البريج , Qasr al Bureij village, south east al Bab, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.31798, 37.70512 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four civilians from one family died and three more were injured in an alleged Russian airstrike on Qasr al Bureij village, south east al Bab, according to multiple local sources.

According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, “four civilians, including two children and a woman, died in suspected Russian warplanes”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian raid on Qasr al Bureij village, south east al Bab, Jan 30th 2017 (via Alaraby)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS662

Incident date

February 24, 2016

Location

حرنبوش, Haranbush, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

36.07548, 36.63686 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to four civilians including a mother and her one or two children died in airstrikes on Haranbush, according to local sources – though reports are conflicted as to whether this was the work of Russia or the Assad regime.

Among the sources alleging that this was a Russian strike were Chamtime, Syrian Revolution and Al Jazeera.

However, many sources – including LCCSY and Alamawi –also alleged that the regime was responsiblethough Shaam News Network initially reported “warplanes believed to be belonging to the Russian enemy” killed three civilians when their homes were targeted with vacuum missiles. They added that “a large number” were also wounded. In a later report, it appeared to change position and attribute the incident to the regime.

Reports by the Syrian Network for Human Rights also blamed regime shelling, which it  said claimed the lives of a woman and her child.

The Syrian Human Rights Center reported the death of “the family of Al-Majid hospital director, Doctor Maher Keda…consisting of his wife and only son, in addition to the two women relatives, through air strikes on the town.” It did not say who was responsible.

SAMS tweeted: “We extend our deepest condolences to doctor Maher Kida, director of Women and Children hospital in Harbnosh, whose wife and child were martyred due to the bombardment of the town.”

Idlib Media said that a strike was carried out by a “Su 24 fighter”, killing a woman and a child and injuring seven more.Syrian Mirror reported that a woman and her two children died in a Russian raid. According to Gulfeyes and Akhbar Alaan, the strikes were carried out by both Russia and the regime.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Wife of Maher Kida
Adult female named by the Syrian Human Rights Centre killed
Son of Maher Kida
Child male named by the Syrian Human Rights Centre killed

The victims were named as:

Yahia Keda
0 years old female killed
Ahmad Saleh Majajo
Adult male died due to his wounds killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 4
  • (1–2 children1–3 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–7
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (37) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • 'The baby Yahia Keda, age 4 months died with his mother in regime warplanes missiles fired on Harbanoush village in Idlib governorate, February 24th 2016.' (via SN4HR)
  • Ahmad Saleh Majajo, killed in an alleged Russian and Syrian Regime airstrike. (via, SN4HR)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has published no known record of strikes in Syria from February 17th – February 29th.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 4
  • (1–2 children1–3 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–7
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (37) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3420

Incident date

April 29, 2018

Location

قرية الكشمة, Al Kashma village, Deir Ezzor, Syria

Geolocation

34.811111, 40.600833 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four women were killed and others injured as Russian forces struck the headquarters of the Islamic State in Al Kashma village, according to local sources.

Smart News said a French citizen named Maria was among the dead, the wife of one of ISIS Moroccan legal experts currently detained by IS after he split away.

The building reportedly housed women widowed or divorced from members of ISIS east of the city of Kair al-Zour eastern Syria.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Age unknown female The wife of one of an Islamic State leader

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 4
  • (1–4 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 4
  • (1–4 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1048

Incident date

July 25, 2016

Location

السخنة, As Sukhnah, Homs, Syria

Geolocation

34.8848748, 38.8711739 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A family reportedly died in As Sukhnah, local media reported – though it was unclear whether they were killed in a Russian airstrike or an action by the Syrian regime.

Syriamubashar was among a number of sources which blamed Russia, reporting that “one person was killed and others wounded due to Russian warplanes shelling in displaced camp near Al-Sokhna”.

But All4Syria blamed the regime, reporting the death of an entire family. The source said “a whole family of Badawit (moving shepherds) were killed due to regime helicopters throwing explosive barrels on their car near Al-Sokhna in Homs. The family consists of two men, a child and a woman, others were wounded and a number of the herd were killed.”

The Syrian Network for Human Rights put the death toll at four, including a child and a woman, and said that they were killed by “explosive barrels dropped from helicopters”.

Some other sources blamed “regime warplanes”, while the remainder pointed towards Russia.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Hamdan Awad Al-Mamdooh
23 years old male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 4
  • (1 child1 woman2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between July 16th – 27th 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 4
  • (1 child1 woman2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1485

Incident date

October 20, 2016

Location

Abou Soussa village, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

34.528889, 40.9675 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four civilians died and up to seven others were wounded in an airstrike on Abou Soussa village, according to local media – though it was unclear whether Russia or the Syrian regime were to blame.

Multiple sources reported that the area was under ISIS control.

The Smart News Agency blamed Russia and put the death toll at four.

But according to Syria News Desk, “four civilians were killed and seven others injured today [Oct 20th] after regime warplanes targeted residential locations in the village of abou Soussa north of the town of Deir Hafer with three raids. The raids destroyed two houses and caused other material damage.”

The majority of sources didn’t identify the culprit.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • Civilians reported injured
    7
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

On 20th October 2016, the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation reported on the decisions made aimed towards stabilising the situation in Aleppo.

""Today, strikes by the Russian Aerospace Forces and the Syrian Air Force are finished at 10:00 (MSK) in the area of Aleppo. Early termination of the airstrikes is essential for holding a “humanitarian pause” on October 20, 2016”, said General of the Army Sergei Shoigu. According to him, it will allow to guarantee security of civilians leaving the city through 6 humanitarian corridors and to prepare casualty and medical evacuation from the eastern part of Aleppo.
“We apply to the leadership of countries influencing on armed formations active in the eastern part of Aleppo with a proposal to convince their leaders to stop warfare and leave the city,” stated the Minister of Defence.
According to General of the Army Sergei Shoigu, by the start of the “humanitarian pause” the Syrian troops will have been withdrawn to the distance safe for insurgents to leave the city with weapons through two special corridors: one – along the Kastello road, second – in the area of Suk al-Hai market."

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • Civilians reported injured
    7
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1654

Incident date

November 21, 2016

Location

حي الشعار, Al Shia'ar, Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.2085139, 37.1855771 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

As many as four civilians were killed – allegedly from the same family – and some were wounded in an air and artillery strike, which one source described as a “barbaric bomb attack”, on Al Shia’ar, Aleppo.

Sources are conflicted as to who was to blame. Some blame Russian warplanes for the airstrikes, while others such as SN4HR blamed the Syrian regime. Many sources however reported sightings of helicopters which allegedly dropped explosive barrel bombs on the vicinity. One source reported that both air and artillery strikes struck Al Shia’ar, Aleppo.

Video evidence shows much material damage to residential homes, with fires being put out.

More footage published by Qabon Event, shows a mother weeping over the body of her husband and child who were killed in the alleged raid.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (0–1 children0–1 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of alleged Russian and Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on Al Shia'ar, 21st November 2016. (via Radio Hara FM)
  • The aftermath of alleged Russian and Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on Al Shia'ar, 21st November 2016. (via Smart)
  • The aftermath of alleged Russian and Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on Al Shia'ar, 21st November 2016. (via Smart)
  • The aftermath of alleged Russian and Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on Al Shia'ar, 21st November 2016. (via Smart)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A mother weeps over the body of her dead husband and child in the aftermath of alleged Russian and Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on Al Shia'ar, 21st November 2016. (via Qabon Event)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones.”

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (0–1 children0–1 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (9) [ collapse]