Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS1871

Incident date

January 29, 2017

Location

تدمر, Palmyra, Homs, Syria

Geolocation

34.569294, 38.291216 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three civilians were reportedly killed by Russian airstrikes carried out in Palmyra on the 29th of January 2017.

Sources said several air raids struck its western and  northern neighbourhoods that resulted in the civilian casualties and damage to property

Those wounded in the strikes were moved to a field hospital for treatment in rural Hama, local sources said.

Halab Today gave the figure of three civilian fatalities.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2049

Incident date

April 1, 2017

Location

الغسانية, Al Ghassaniya, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.8142663, 36.2616084 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

As many as three civilians were killed – including one woman – and several others were wounded, as a result of alleged Russian airstrikes on Al Ghassaniya, Idlib, local media reported.

There were no specific figures regarding wounded civilians published.

The strikes allegedly occurred at noon, and included surface to surface missiles, according to Al Jazeera.

There are no other details at this time.

The incident occured around midday.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between April 1st – 31st 2017.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2205

Incident date

May 1, 2017

Location

حمورية, Hamouriya, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.528464, 36.389472 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three civilians, a baby girl, her mother and a boy, were killed and dozens more civilians were wounded as Hamuriya, Damascus, was hit by airstrikes, local media reported. Though it was unclear whether Russia or the Syrian regime were to blame.

Most sources reported the death of three civilians, namely a four-year-old baby girl, her mother and a 14-year old boy. Photos of the baby girls were published along with the reports.

The number of wounded spanned among the reports from two to “dozens”, while many reported around ten, including children.  Images were shared on social media of a little girl who was rescued from under the rubble.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights and Al Jazeera blamed the “Syrian-Russian Alliance” while several other sources only blamed the Syrian regime. Others merely referred to “warplanes”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Adult female killed
4 months years old female killed

The victims were named as:

14 years old male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (2 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Sawsan al-Assassi, four months old, was reportedly killed by the airstrikes in Hamouriya, Damascus, carried out by either Russia or the Syrian regime on May 1st, 2017 (via SN4HR)
  • A child was rescued alive from under the rubble following the airstrikes in Hamouriya, Damascus, carried out by either Russia or the Syrian regime on May 1st, 2017 (via Syrian Civil Defense)
  • The civil defence rescued a child from under the rubble following the airstrikes in Hamouriya, Damascus, carried out by either Russia or the Syrian regime on May 1st, 2017 (via Enab Baladi)
  • The civil defence rescued a child from under the rubble following the airstrikes in Hamouriya, Damascus, carried out by either Russia or the Syrian regime on May 1st, 2017 (via al-Jazeera)
  • Destruction caused by the contested attack in Hamouriya, Damascus, May 1st 2017 (via @msallam19)
  • A baby was killed by the airstrikes in Hamouriya, Damascus, carried out by either Russia or the Syrian regime on May 1st, 2017 (via @nabeelAljamaey)
  • Sawsan al-Assassi, four months old, was reportedly killed as Assad or Russian-waged airstrikes struck the city of Hamouriya, Damascus, May 1st, 2017 (via Barzeh94)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st - 31st 2017.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (2 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2469

Incident date

September 19, 2017

Location

قرية التح, Al Tah, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.539525, 36.725383 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between one and three civilians including two women died while working at an obstetrics hospital in Al Tah as alleged Russian and Syrian warplanes bombarded the countryside of southern Idlib, local sources reported.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported one death; it stated: “Suspected Russian warplanes fired a missile on the al Rahman Charity Hospital – an obstetrics hospital – northwest of al Tah village in Idlib governorate southern suburbs, killing a member of medical personnel and partially damaging it [the hospital], burning the eastern sector of it rendering it inoperable on September 19, 2017.”

Alternative sources on the ground said three were killed at Rahman Charity Hospital, including a nurse and a cleaner. Shahed Alep reported the death of three nurses.

The hospital’s deputy director, Taleb al-Ali, told the Smart News Agency that one of the nurses was killed immediately, and babies in incubators were wounded. Another nurse was also seriously wounded, while the hospital’s administrative director was injured – and one of his legs was amputated.

However Orient News only reported injuries: “Two nurses and several other civilians were injured today [Sept 19th], following the bombing of Al-Assad and Russia warplanes with surface-to-surface rockets aimed at the obstetric hospital in the town of Tah in countryside of Idlib”.

While most sources attributed the destruction to Russian warplanes, Orient News reported the additional involvement of the Syrian regime. Syrian Press Centre said it was an “unprecedented escalation” of violence.

The hospital was placed out of service due to the bombing and subsequent fire, Enab Baladi reported.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Age unknown male Administrative director of the hospital injured
Adult female A nurse at the hospital killed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Healthcare facility
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 3
  • (2 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (6) [ collapse]

  • The obstetric hospital was attacked with rockets, reportedly killing two nurses (via Enab Baladi )
  • More than 40 air strikes, allegedly hit villages and towns of southern Idlib on the morning of Sept 19th 2017 (via Syrianpc)
  • "Childrens' caskets turned into coffins," tweeted Omar Madaniah
  • Clouds of smoke billow fron Al Tah's obstetrics hospital following an airstrike on Sept 19th 2017 (via Syrian-coalition)
  • Translation: 'Russian warplanes destroy hospital # Tah in Idlib and injures its medical staff and children who are inside'
  • Translatrion: 'The moment Russian aviation bombed an obstetric hospital in the village of Tah South Idlib'

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Healthcare facility
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 3
  • (2 women)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS071

Incident date

October 23, 2015

Location

مسرابا, Missraya, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.55027, 36.39659 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

According to reports, Russian warplanes allegedly carried out four raids on the town of Missraya in eastern Ghouta. Two or more people died and ‘dozens’ were injured, including women and children. According to the White Helmets, one of those killed was a little girl. The VDC also named adult male civilian Mohammad Saeid Mohammad Ali Jearash as having been killed. Footage shot immediately after the strike shows a number of seriously hurt children among the victims. There were also reports of artillery strikes on the town by the Assad regime.

The Obeid mosque was reportedly badly damaged in the attacks.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Mohammad Saeid Mohammad Ali Jearash
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (1 child1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    30
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (8) [ collapse]

  • Rescuers help the injured after a reported Russian strike on Missraya, Oct 23 (via White Helmets)
  • Translation: Eastern Ghouta - the fall of many victims and wounded in #Missraya following its targeting with 4 raids by war planes on civilian homes a short while ago. (via Damascus_M_O)
  • Translation: After a catastrophic day lived by the town of Missraya in Eastern Ghouta with warplanes striking and artillery shelling - several civilians fell martyr. (via Ajnadsh)
  • Translation of title: Damascus countryside - Missraya - the aftermath andn destruction of one of the mosques destroyed following raids on the town 23/10/2015 (via SMO)
  • Alleged Russian warplanes carried out 4 raids on the town of Missraya eastern Ghouta which led to death of two people and dozens wounded including women and children. (via SNN)
  • Alleged Russian warplanes carried out 4 raids on the town of Missraya eastern Ghouta which led to death of two people and dozens wounded including women and children. (via SNN)
  • Alleged Russian warplanes carried out 4 raids on the town of Missraya eastern Ghouta which led to death of two people and dozens wounded including women and children. (via SNN)
  • Alleged Russian warplanes carried out 4 raids on the town of Missraya eastern Ghouta which led to death of two people and dozens wounded including women and children. (via SNN)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

There is no published Russian Defence Ministry record for October 23rd-24th 2015.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (1 child1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    30
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3743

Incident date

June 1, 2019

Location

خان شيخون, Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

Local sources reported that two civilians were killed and another one was wounded in alleged Russian airstrikes on the city of Khan Sheikhoun in Idlib on June 1st, 2019. The wounded man reportedly died from his injuries sustained in the attack the following day.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights initially reported that two civilians had been killed and at least four more were wounded in several Russian airstrikes on Khan Sheikoun on June 1st. According to “Lens of khan Sheikhoun and its countryside”, the strikes took place before “breakfast hours”.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights recorded the deaths of the brothers Amin Khaled Shahhoud al Najm and Khaled Shahhoud al Najm, holding Russian airstrikes responsible for their deaths.

Smart News Agency reported one injured civilian. On June 2nd, the SNHR wrote that “Ahmad Khaled al Ali, from Abdin village in Idlib governorate southern suburbs, died on June 2, due to wounds sustained on June 1, as fixed-wing warplanes we believe were Russian [targeted] Khan Sheikhoun city in Idlib governorate southern suburbs.”

According to Orient News, “the city of Khan Sheikhoun, south of Idlib, was hit by three high-explosive long-range missiles.”

@riad_agha tweeted that the city was bombed for a second time “with burning phosphorous” around 10.25 AM. No other source mentioned the use of phosphorous.

All sources blamed Russian aircraft for the attack who, according to one local source, carried out the airstrike with rocket-propelled grenades.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Adult male son of Rahimo Shahoud Al Najar killed
Adult male son of Hamid Al Abdul Rahman Al Najam killed

The victims were named as:

Adult male died on June 2nd

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–4
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (19) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (6) [ collapse]

  • Volunteers pulling bodies from the rubble in Khan Sheikhoun after it was struck by an airstrike on June 1st (via @ShahbaPress).
  • The brothers Amin and Khaled Shahhoud al Najm were killed in a missile strike on Khan Sheikhoun city on June 1st (via Syrian Network for Human Rights).
  • Ahmad Khaled Al Ali, from Abdin village in Idlib died on June 2 due to wounds sustained on June 1, as an airstrike struck Khan Sheikhoun city in Idlib on June 1st (via Syrian Network for Human Rights).
  • Translation: “Yesterday in Khan Sheikhoun 6/1/2019” (via @Mnar18049738).
  • Translation: “Khan Sheikhoun bombardment with the burning phosphorous for the second time on Saturday, 6/1/2019 at 10.25 PM” (via @riad_agha).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers and other civilians recovering the bodies of victims after alleged Russian airstrikes on the city of Khan Sheikhoun on June 1st, 2019 (via @ShahbaPress).

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–4
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (19) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS617

Incident date

February 15, 2016

Location

حر بنفسه, Harbnafsa, Hama, Syria

Geolocation

34.9371883, 36.6221952 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two or three civilians were killed in airstrikes on Harbnafsa according to local sources – though reports are conflicted as to whether this was the work of Russia or the regime.

Shaam News Network said that  Russian warplanes launched “intensive air raids on the town” in the morning. Activists documented eight strikes, leading to two non-combatant deaths with several more wounded, including displaced people from the town of Kafr Laha.

Syria811 also blamed Russia, putting  the death toll at three non-combatants, with several more wounded. However, according to Ara News, two civilians died in strikes by the regime. Salamalsore reported that there had been bombing “on the road to Harbenfsh“, though they didn’t say who was responsible.

Masyafnow named a victim as Hassan Fahed Alakari, reporting that he died as a result of injuries in the attack. However another source claimed that Hasan Fahid Al-Akari was an Assad regime irregular.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Hassan Fahed Alakari
Adult male Possibly Assad regime irregular killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (0–1 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

From February 10th – February 16th, Russia reported: “On February 10-16, aircraft of the Russian aviation group in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 444 combat sorties engaging 1593 terrorists’ objects in the provinces of Deir ez-Zor, Daraa, Homs, Hama, Latakia and Aleppo.”

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (0–1 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

CS802 RS2230

Incident date

May 11, 2017

Location

مزرعة القادسية, Al Qadissiya, Ar Raqqa, Syria

Geolocation

35.945833, 38.981667 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

As many as three civilians died in an airstrike on Al Qadissiya village – including one adult male – according to local sources. There were reports of multiple strikes on the village. The allegations were against both the Coalition and Russian warplanes. A number of other sources didn’t identify the warplanes responsible.

Only one source – RFSMedaioffice – reported that there was an unspecific number of wounded.

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, “warplanes believed to belong to the Coalition carried out more than 18 strikes on places in the outskirts of al-Raqqah city and al-Jisr area and other areas in the village of al-Boasi and the farm of Qadisiyah in the western countryside of al-Raqqah.”

However, according to @ThwarAlraqqa, Russia carried out more than 12 raids on the village.

@Sour_News, amongst others, reported that the vicinity was a farm. 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

30 years old male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 3
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    US-led Coalition, Russian Military

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • The countryside in Qadisiya where alleged Coalition airstrikes took place on May 11th 2017. (via @saad_alsabr)
  • Aboud al-Khalif al-Hamid, killed in a airstrike on Al Qadissiya farm, 11th May 2017. (via RBSS)
CJTF–OIR Declassified Assessment and Press Release

Attached to this civilian harm incident is a provisional reconciliation of the Pentagon's declassified assessment of this civilian harm allegation, based on matching date and locational information.

The declassified documents were obtained by Azmat Khan and the New York Times through Freedom of Information requests and lawsuits filed since March 2017, and are included alongside the corresponding press release published by the Pentagon. Airwars is currently analysing the contents of each file, and will update our own assessments accordingly.

Declassified Assessment Press Release

US-led Coalition Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    US-led Coalition
  • US-led Coalition position on incident
    Non credible / Unsubstantiated
    Insufficient information to assess that, more likely than not, a Coalition strike resulted in civilian casualties.
  • Reason for non-credible assessment
    No Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area
  • Civilian deaths conceded
    None
  • Civilian injuries conceded
    None
  • Stated location
    near Al Qadissiya, Syria
    Nearest population center
  • Location accuracy
    100 m
  • MGRS coordinate
    37SEV192819
    Military Grid Reference System

Civilian casualty statements

US-led Coalition
  • Jan 25, 2018
  • After a review of available information it was assessed that no Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area that correspond to the report of civilian casualties.

Original strike reports

US-led Coalition

For May 10th-11th, the Coalition reported: “Near Raqqah, 11 strikes engaged five ISIS tactical units; destroyed seven vehicles, three fighting positions, an ISIS barge, a VBIED factory, a weapons storage facility; and damaged two ISIS supply routes.” It later added that “Additionally, 13 strikes were conducted in Syria and Iraq on May 10th that closed within the last 24 hours. Near Raqqah, Syria, seven strikes engaged seven ISIS tactical units and destroyed 12 fighting positions, an ISIS headquarters, a command and control node, a supply cache, an ISIS staging area, a tactical vehicle, and a vehicle.”
For May 11th-12th. “Near Raqqah, eight strikes engaged two ISIS tactical units and destroyed four fighting positions, three VBIEDs, two ISIS oil storage tanks, two ISIS oil stills, two excavators, a front-end loader, an IED, and an ISIS staging area.” It later added that “Additionally, six strikes were conducted in Syria on May 11th that closed within the last 24 hours…. Near Raqqah, five strikes engaged an ISIS tactical unit; destroyed two VBIEDs, a fighting position, a weapons cache, a vehicle; and damaged two ISIS supply routes and a bridge.”

UK Military
  • English
    /
    Original

‘Thursday 11 May – Typhoons attacked three targets in eastern Syria, as well as a truck-bomb factory north-west of Raqqa. Tornados also struck six times in Mosul…On Thursday 11 May, a pair of Typhoons, armed with Paveway IVs, destroyed a truck-bomb staging area some fifteen miles north-west of Raqqa, while another pair supported the SDF in eastern Syria, hitting a mortar team and two Daesh-held buildings near Al Ulwah. The same day, two flights of Tornados patrolled over Mosul, using Brimstone missiles against two Daesh positions very close to Iraqi troops. A further Paveway IV eliminated a mortar in a courtyard, and three more Paveways cratered roads along which Daesh might have tried to move truck-bombs along.’

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 3
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    US-led Coalition, Russian Military

Sources (20) [ collapse]