Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS143

Incident date

November 12, 2015

Location

بينين, Benin, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.711012, 36.640349 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to four non-combatants, including two children, were killed and 10 injured in alleged Russian nighttime airstrikes on Benin.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights stated that phosphorous weapons may have been used in two strikes, which burned 500m of agricultural land. Additional strikes then targeted an olive pressing facility and a bakery in Bayneen. Nine civilian cars were also allegedly burnt out, and six others damaged.

One of the founders of the Human Rights Office for Violations Documentation in Idlib province, a lawyer was killed. Mr Abu Rawad’s son and one of his nephews also died, despite receiving treatment for their injuries at a field hospital.

Shaam News Network reported that Abu Rawwaddevoted all his time to collecting and documenting violations by the Assad regime and his security forces.”

An activist from Al Zawiya mountain added: “Abu Rawwad was a beacon of light who worked day and night documenting the regime’s violations and visiting with us on a daily basis in our office… He often couldn’t afford the fuel for his motorcycle and he had a poor family with several children… But this did not prevent him from  working even for one moment thanks to his morals and his love for the revolution and the revolutionaries.”

The Syrian Network said this was the first time it had documented the alleged use of phosphorous bombs by Russian forces. Upon analysing the remnants of shells, it believed white phosphorous was used. According to the Network, no non-combatants were reported injured due to the use of phosphorous bombs, but three were killed as a result of the subsequent shelling of the olive pressing facility and the bakery.

Khaled Nour, a local resident and eyewitnesses told SN4HR: “The warplanes launched two airstrikes on Bayneen town. The rocket exploded in the air and I saw a group of fireballs. When it reached the ground, it caused a great fire. Then the Russian warplanes conducted another airstrike on a nearby region with four vacuum rockets which destroyed the olive presser and the bakery. The shelling injured dozens of individuals. We did not hear the sound of the rocket that dropped the phosphorus bombs but we heard the sound of the warplane and we saw the fireballs and very thick white smoke.”

Moustafa Ghareeb, a local activist who examined the shelled region told SN4HR: “I went to the first location and saw remnants from phosphorous shelling spread over a wide area. Almost 500 meters of agricultural lands were burned as well. The bombs left remnants of molten iron which became watery fluid due to the heat as well as the black viscous substance that smelled like sewage water. The residents in the region told me that a rocket targeted the olive presser where 15 cars were present next to it; all of which belonged to civilians since we are harvesting olives these days.

Then the warplanes targeted the people who escaped the shelling on the olive presser and it shelled the square where the cars had been parked. A few minutes later, it targeted a bakery with three rockets. I saw great and massive destruction to the oil presser, the bakery and the flour storage house. In addition to the human casualties, the shelling damaged the olive crops which the residents rely on to earn a living. I believe that Russian reconnaissance planes monitored car movements to and from the olive presser which made it a target for the warplanes. Russian warplanes not only kill us, they destroy our crops and livelihoods.”

Mohamad Thakara, head of a local civil defence team which went to the shelling location, told the Network: “When we arrived there, the grove was burning and we put [the fire] down. We also collected bomb remnants… Later, Russian warplanes targeted the region with rockets thought to be vacuum rockets and targeted the olive presser, the nearby square and the bakery. We pulled out victims’ bodies from under the rubble and transported injured people. During that time we were shelled again and two members of our team were injured, and our ambulance was damaged. I took my teammates, the rest of the injured people and the victims to the hospital. The shelling caused great destruction to the agricultural lands and civilians’ cars. The Russian warplanes conducted more than 9 airstrikes on a purely civilian region. They did not only target civilians but civil defense members as well”

Smart News published a video showing the alleged bombing, which it claimed killed four civilians, and injured 10.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed
Layth Mosleh Zraiq
Child male killed
Adnan Omar Zreiq
Adult male killed
Obada Adnan Omer Zraik
Child male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    10
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (10) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A victim of the alleged Russian raid on Bayneen, November 11th-12th (via SN4HR)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    an image that depicts the shelling aftermath due to thought to be Phosphorous bombs
  • Russian planes bomb the edges of the village of Bennin with phosphorice bombs.
  • A photograph showing the remnants of the bombing with bombs believed to be phosphorous on the town of Benin-Adlab.
  • an image that depicts the shelling aftermath due to thought to be Phosphorous bombs
  • Images that depict the shelling aftermath due to thought to be phosphorus bombs on Bayneen town:
  • An image that depicts the ambulance that was damaged in the shelling on Bennin
  • An image that depicts bombs believed to be Phosphorous due to the alleged Russian shelling on Benin town
  • the image of one of the victim
  • image of another two victims

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has reported carrying out strikes in Idlib governorate between November 11th-12th 2015.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    10
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS176 CS148

Incident date

November 20, 2015

Location

الرقة‎, Ar Raqqah, Syria

Geolocation

35.949949, 39.007363 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A number of sources reported that an adult woman from Soran in Hama governorate was killed in an alleged Coalition airstrike on Raqqah.

Violations Documentation has published the name & photo of the victim which as said he was killed due to the coalition air force’s shelling. 

In their January 2020 civilian casualty assessment, the US-led Coalition assessed reports that they were responsible for civilian harm in this strike as “non-credible”, stating that no Coalition actions were conducted in the geographical area at that time.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult female named by VDC killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    US-led Coalition, Russian Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Yasin Khaled al-Nouri (Picture courtesy of VDC)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the city Ar Raqqah (الرقة‎), for which the generic coordinates are: 35.949949, 39.007363. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

US-led Coalition Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    US-led Coalition
  • US-led Coalition position on incident
    Non credible / Unsubstantiated
    Insufficient information to assess that, more likely than not, a Coalition strike resulted in civilian casualties.
  • Reason for non-credible assessment
    No Coalition strikes were conducted in the geographical area
  • Civilian deaths conceded
    None
  • Civilian injuries conceded
    None
  • MGRS coordinate
    37SEV007784
    Military Grid Reference System

Civilian casualty statements

US-led Coalition
  • Jan 3, 2020
  • November 20, 2015, in Raqqah, Syria, via Airwars report. After a review of all available records it was assessed that no Coalition actions were conducted in the geographical area that corresponds to the report of civilian casualties. 2881/CS148 37SEV007784

Original strike reports

US-led Coalition

No Coalition airstrikes were reported for Syria on November 19th-20th 2015.

CJTF-OIR confirmed that for November 20th-21st 2015, “Near Ar Raqqah, one strike struck an ISIL tactical unit and destroyed an ISIL checkpoint.“

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    US-led Coalition, Russian Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS208

Incident date

November 28, 2015

Location

أباد, Abbada, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

35.9227696, 36.9230783 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A family of four was reported killed in the village of Abbad in the Aleppo countryside, following alleged Russian raids.

An eyewitness reported the following to Orient News: “Everyone here works in agriculture and shepherding. I was in the shop buying some things and we saw the plane. It struck the first blow on the western side of the village. Another plane came and carried out another raid on the southern side of the village. After two or three minutes it struck this house here. They were sleeping. There were a man, his wife and his two daughters, a 2-year-old and a one-year-old. They were all martyred.”

VDC has named the family members that killed in “Russian strikes”.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (4)

Adult male Named by VDC killed
Adult female Named by VDC killed
Child male Named by VDC killed
Child male Named by VDC killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Abbada (أباد ), for which the generic coordinates are: 35.9227696, 36.9230783. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Unknown

Russia reported that “In the course of the last week, November 26 – December 4, the Russian aircraft have performed 431 combat sorties from the Hmeymim airbase making pinpoint strikes on 1458 terrorist objects in the Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Deir ez-Zor and Raqqah provinces.”

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 children1 woman1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (2) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS241

Incident date

December 7, 2015

Location

الهلك, Huluk (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.237367, 37.171512 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Five civilians including two women and two children were killed – and dozens injured – in an alleged Russian airstrike targeting Al Huluk School, Aleppo, according to the Shaam News Network.

The White Helmets reported that four dead bodies were recovered from the rubble and that 10 injured people were rescued. It said that among the dozens of wounded were many students, as the bombing occurred during school hours. Al Jazeera interviewed witnesses in Aleppo who said an aid station at the school was bombed.

Four victims were named by the Violations Documentation Center. They also noted one Unidentified male child

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Abdul Hameed Sultan
Adult male killed
Bilal Mahmoud
Child male killed
Sahar Ghazal al-Hamwi
Adult female killed
Fatme Ahmad al-Jasem
Adult female killed

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • (2 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • The White Helmets work to remove victims from an alleged Russian strike on Al Hulluk, Dec 7th (via White Helmets)
  • The White Helmets reported that they removed four dead bodies and rescued 10 injured civilians following the alleged Russian strike on Al Hulluk, Dec 7th (via White Helmets)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has published no known record of its strikes in Syria between December 4th-8th.

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • (2 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS273

Incident date

December 13, 2015

Location

حرستا, Harasta, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.55869, 36.36515 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three adult males (one named as Othman al-Shayta aka Abu Omar possibly a civilian), were killed in an alleged Russian airstrike on Harasta.

The same dead were listed by the White Helmets who said that six air raids and artillery bombing on civilian neighbourhoods in Harasta had led to the deaths of three people, the injuring of several others, and the destruction of civilian property. They did not confirm the dead’s combatant status.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Othman al-Shayta aka Abu Omar
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 1
  • (3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (19) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • Aftermath of airstrike on Harasta, Dec 13th (via White Helmets)
  • Moments after the airstrike hit Harasta. (via, Syrian Documentation Centre)
  • The aftermath of a contested Russian and Syrian Regime airstrike. (via, Harasta City Facebook)
  • Cars and infrastructure destroyed by the airstrikes. (via, Saria Ebad, with a UMG Harasta Logo)
  • Another video of the streets in the aftermath of a contested airstrike. (via, Saria Ebad, with a UMG Harasta Logo)
  • Footage of the skies, moments after the airstrike fell. (via, Saria Ebad, with a UMG Harasta Logo)
  • Smoke fills the sky in Eastern Ghouta. (via, Syria Rebels Gathering Posts)
  • Another video of smoke filling the sky. (via, Anas al Khloe)
  • More footage of the immediate moments after an airstrike fell. (via, Baladi News)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia is not known to have publicly released any information relating to its airstrikes in Syria between December 9th and December 14th 2015.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 1
  • (3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (19) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS306

Incident date

December 23, 2015

Location

أريحا, Ariha, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.81374, 36.60964 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One adult male, Mahmoud Sonae also known as Abo Mehyo of Ariha, was reported killed in an alleged Russian airstrike, according to the Violations Documentation Center.

Mr Sonae was caught in a major airstrike on Idlib on December 20th, and appears to have died of his injuries three days later.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Discounted
    Those killed were combatants, or other parties most likely responsible.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • An image provided by the VDC possibly of the burial of Mahmoud Sonae. (via, VDC)
  • Another image provided by the VDC. (via, VDC)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

For December 18th-23rd, Russia reported that “In the course of five days, on December 18-23, aircraft of the Aerospace Forces in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 302 combat sorties engaging 1093 objects in the Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia, Homs and Deir ez-Zor provinces.”

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0 – 1
  • (1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Discounted
    Those killed were combatants, or other parties most likely responsible.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS338

Incident date

January 2, 2016

Location

مارع, Mare', Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.482582, 37.19593 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One possible civilian was reported killed and several others injured in alleged Russian airstrikes on Mare’ in the northern countryside of Aleppo, according to multiple sources.

The Shaam News Network reported that Russian planes carried out raids on various areas, in particular the towns of Mare’, Tal Rifa’at, Izaz, Mangh and Deir Jamal, leading to the death of one civilian and injury of several others.

According to the White Helmets, there were three raids by “warplanes” (they did not state who they belonged to) on Mare’, resulting in deaths and injuries, although precise casualty figures were not given.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that warplanes “believed to be Russian” carried out several airstrikes on areas in the towns of Mare’, Tal Rifa’at and Mangh, leading to the death of at least one person in Mare’ and injury of several others, in addition to damage  of civilian property.

One victim Alae Abdel Al Khateeb was named by the Violations Documentation Center (pictured above). However, an image of Mr al Khateeb carrying a gun (below) – and an image of his body held by a person in military fatigues – suggest he may have been linked to rebels in Mare’.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (22) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (4) [ collapse]

  • Footage showing the destruction in the aftermath of the contested raids. (via, abo al Majd)
  • Alae Adel al-Khateeb, killed in a contested airstrike. Photograph shows him posing with a weapon, looks like a militant but extensive research shows no other signs of militancy. (via, Nazir al Hafz)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Alae Adel al-Khateeb, killed on 2nd January 2016. (via, Homs Media Network Facebook)
  • Alae Adel al-Khateeb, killed on 2nd January 2016. (via, Mare’ the city of Martyrs)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

In its report for military actions on January 11 2016, the Kremlin reports carrying out strikes in Aleppo governorate: “In the course of 10 days of the year 2016, the Russian aircraft have performed 311 combat sorties engaging 1097 objects in the Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Deir ez-Zor, Hasakah, Daraa, and Raqqah provinces.“

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (22) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS370

Incident date

January 12, 2016

Location

تدمر, Palmyra, Homs, Syria

Geolocation

34.5655244, 38.2873535 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One unidentified adult female was listed by the Violations Documentation Centre as killed in an alleged Russian airstrike on Palmyra.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that “violent clashes are still taking place on the outskirts of al-Qaryatayn city and in the vicinity of the al-Doweh area west of Palmyra in the eastern countryside of Homs, between regime forces backed by gunmen loyal to them against Islamic State’“, and that this coincided with “about 20 raids by warplanes believed to be Russian which targeted the area of the clash, and other areas in al-Qaryatayn city and al-Doweh area.” It did not give any information on casualties.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between 11-15 January.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]