Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS1762

Incident date

December 6, 2016

Location

زردنا, Zardana, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

36.045776, 36.750791 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between one and three civilians were killed during an airstrike on Zardana, Idlib, according to local media reports – though it was unclear whether Russia or the Assad regime were responsible.

Idlib Media Centre, who stated that one woman died in the attack, reported that it was because of a “missile launched by Russian occupation planes”.

The source LCCSY, however, reported that “Assad’s warplanes stepped up raids on the cities and towns of the southern countryside”, including Zardana.

Whilst most sources corroborate the claim that one woman was killed and a number of others were injured in the attack, one source – a tweet from Mohammed Alshekh – stated that three civilians had died in Zardana. 

The was no further available information with regard to how many civilians were wounded in the incident.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 3
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • 'A photo showing the location hit by the missile launched by Russian occupaton planes in Zardana in the northern Idlib countryside which resulted in the martyrdom of a woman and the injury of others.' (via Idlib Media Center)

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village of Zardana (زردنا), for which the generic coordinates are: 36.045776,36.750791. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between December 1st – 31st 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones.”

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 3
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4498

Incident date

March 1, 2020

Location

قسطون, Qastoun, Hama, Syria

Airwars assessment

Up to one civilian was reportedly injured due to alleged Russian airstrikes or artillery shells on the village of Qastoun in the Al-Ghab plain northwest of Hama on March 1st 2020 according to Local sources.

A local source named “Smart news” initially reported that one civilian was injured due to Russian airstrikes on the village of Qastoun based on information from activists. However, SCD southern-syria inspected the area in the outskirts of the village and said that the damage was material. The civil defense team in the northern Al-Ghab sector secured the places affected by the alleged warplane raids, and artillery shells and made sure that there were no casualties.

Two of the sources that reported on the incident, Smart News and Syria Screen, attributed the strikes to Russia while the other sources did not mention who was responsible.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    0–1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (6) [ collapse]

  • White Helmets inspect the site of bombing of the town of Qastoun on March 1, 2020. (Syrian Civil Defense)
  • White Helmets inspect the site of bombing of the town of Qastoun on March 1, 2020. (Syrian Civil Defense)
  • White Helmets inspect the site of bombing of the town of Qastoun on March 1, 2020. (Syrian Civil Defense)
  • White Helmets inspect the site of bombing of the town of Qastoun on March 1, 2020. (Syrian Civil Defense)
  • White Helmets inspect the site of bombing of the town of Qastoun on March 1, 2020. (Syrian Civil Defense)
  • White Helmets inspect the site of bombing of the town of Qastoun on March 1, 2020. (Syrian Civil Defense)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    0–1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (5) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4531

Incident date

November 17, 2020

Location

قسطون, Qastoun, Hama, Syria

Airwars assessment

A civilian died when his house in Qastoun village, Hama governorate, collapsed on November 17th, 2020. According to local sources, the man’s home had been previously severely damaged by alleged Russian or Syrian regime strikes.

The Syrian Civil Defence reported: “A civilian died, today, Tuesday, November 17, in the town of Qastoun in the western countryside of Hama, after the roof of his house, which was previously bombed by the regime, fell. To avoid a similar incident, our teams removed a collapsing roof in the town of Badama in the western countryside of Idlib as a result of previous bombing.”

The Syrian Network for Human Rights identified the victim as Nassar Ahmad Nassar, also blaming previous Syrian or Russian shelling for the incident: “Local activists explained to SNHR that the roof had been severely damaged by intensive bombardment of the village by Syrian-Russian Alliance forces in previous military campaigns.”

The date of the bombing leading to the civilian’s death is unknown.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Accidents related to conflict
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (4) [ collapse]

  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers recovering the body of a victim who died after his house in Qastoun collapsed on November 17th, 2020, following alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on an unknown date (via Syrian Civil Defence).
  • A Syrian Civil Defence volunteer at the site after a civilian died after his house collapsed on November 17th, 2020, following alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on an unknown date (via Syrian Civil Defence).
  • A Syrian Civil Defence volunteer at the site after a civilian died after his house collapsed on November 17th, 2020, following alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on an unknown date (via Syrian Civil Defence).
  • Nassar Ahmad Nassar died when the roof of his house collapsed on November 17th, 2020. According to local sources, the man's house was severely damaged by earlier alleged Russian and Syrian regime airstrikes on an unknown date (via SNHR).

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Accidents related to conflict
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4456

Incident date

Location

الباره, Al Bara, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

A woman was injured in an alleged missile strike by Russian or Syrian regime forces in the Al Bara district in Jabal Al Zawiya in southern Idlib on August 6th, 2022.

The woman’s injuries were not specified though @RadioAlKul tweeted that she was “slightly injured” whereas all other sources reported that she was injured without further elaboration. The Syrian Civilian Defence also posted that a fire broke out in a civilian household as a result of the strike but did not specify whether it was the woman’s house.

@​​AlkneterOthman and @ZaitunAgency reported that the artillery shells were launched by “pro-Assad forces” and the Syrian Civilian Defence noted that Russia and the Assad regime were responsible for the strike.

The incident took place at some point during the day as the photographic evidence showed that it was daylight outside. It occurred in Al Bara in the countryside in southern Idlib.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (6) [ collapse]

  • One woman was injured in a contested Russian and Syrian regime artillery strike on August 6th 2022 in Al Bara (Image via SCD / Facebook)
  • One woman was injured in a contested Russian and Syrian regime artillery strike on August 6th 2022 in Al Bara (Image via SCD / Facebook)
  • One woman was injured in a contested Russian and Syrian regime artillery strike on August 6th 2022 in Al Bara (Image via SCD / Facebook)
  • One woman was injured in a contested Russian and Syrian regime artillery strike on August 6th 2022 in Al Bara (Image via SCD / Facebook)
  • Syrian regime or Russian missile attack in Al Bara on August 6th 2022 reportedly left one woman injured (Image via @anasanas82 / Twitter)
  • One woman was allegedly injured after a Russian or Syrian regime strike on August 6th 2022 in Al Bara (Image via @ezaldeen_98 / Twitter)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4492

Incident date

November 21, 2022

Location

معربليت, Maarbelet, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

A 35 year old man was injured by alleged Syrian regime or Russian artillery shelling of the outskirts of the village of Maarbelet on November 21, 2022.

The @SyriaCivilDefe reported that a man was injured while working on agricultural land by artillery shelling carried out by the Syrian regime and Russian forces on the outskirts of the village of Maarbelet. The Civil Defense added that a woman also suffered a nervous breakdown from the shelling.

@HalabTodayTV reported that the injury was suffered by a civilian.

A Facebook post by Rasheed Alosman identified the civilian injured as Yasser Muhammad Sheikh Hussein, age 35, with an image showing an injury to his leg.

Pro-regime source @idleb_online tweeted that the Syrian regime army launched artillery shelling against “terrorist sites”  without specifying casualties.

Sources were conflicted as to whether Russian or the Syrian regime were responsible, with @Almohrar1 attributing the shelling to Russia while Shaam News blamed the Syrian regime.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Yasser Muhammad Sheikh Hussein ياسر محمد الشيخ حسين
35 years old male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Agriculture
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • Artillery shelling of outskirts of the village of Maarbelet on November 21, 2022. (Image posted by Syrian Civil Defense via Twitter)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Graphic image of the injury suffered by Yasser Muhammad Sheikh Hussein when Russian or Syrian regime forces shelled the village of Maarbelet. (Image posted by Rasheed Alosman via Facebook)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Agriculture
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4528

Incident date

July 9–10, 2023

Location

جسر الشغور, Jisr Al Shughour, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

Around midnight between Sunday July 9th and Monday July 10th 2023, the residential neighborhood of Jisr al-Shughour in west Idlib was reportedly shelled by Syrian regime and/or Russian forces, resulting in the injury of two civilians, father and his daughter. It is unclear if the female victim is a child or an adult woman.

Adel Hijazi and his daughter Yasmine Hijazi were slightly injured as they sat in their living room when shrapnel penetrated the walls of their house. They were both treated and Adel was taken to hospital by the Syrian Civil Defence. According to the Syrian Civil Defence, a family was evacuated from a house near the point of impact and the affected area was secured. Civilian homes and cars were damaged and destroyed in this dense residential area.

Some sources, including the Syrian Civil Defence, identified the belligerents as Syrian regime and Russian forces. Al-Jazeera and a few other sources, including Orient News, identified regime forces as the only belligerents. The local news site Zaman al-Wasl identified the belligerents as regime forces and Iranian militias stationed in “Jourin” camp. @mzmgr941 reported 6 Russian and 2 coalition reconnaissance planes in the sky that night.

One tweet from Adnan Jawish claimed some of the injuries were “serious cases” while others described the injuries as mild.

Zaman al-Wasl identified the location of the shelling as the northern neighborhood, and the “Soma’a” roundabout in the center of the city of Jisr al-Shughour.

The Syrian Civil Defence and Radio Al Kul both reported a third man who “swallowed his tongue out of fear”. However, it was not clear what was meant by this and he was not reported as injured.

The son of the injured father, also called Adel, described the way smoke, dust and screams had filled the living room where he and his family were sitting when the bomb hit. He also described how the family’s birds were silent the next morning, when they normally sing. He concluded by saying “but life began to go on, and we continue our lives and live the hope that the bombing stops and the life of instability ends one day.”

The incident occured around midnight.

The victims were named as:

Adel Hijazi
Age unknown male injured
Yasmine Hijazi
Age unknown female injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (10) [ collapse]

  • Civil Defense volunteers at the site of alleged Russian or Syrian regime shelling of Jisr Al Shughour on July 9/10, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Civil Defense volunteers at the site of alleged Russian or Syrian regime shelling of Jisr Al Shughour on July 9/10, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Civil Defense volunteers at the site of alleged Russian or Syrian regime shelling of Jisr Al Shughour on July 9/10, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Civil Defense volunteers at the site of alleged Russian or Syrian regime shelling of Jisr Al Shughour on July 9/10, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The first moments of our teams' response to artillery shelling targeted the city of Jisr al-Shughur, west of Idlib, just before midnight today, Monday, July 10, which caused the injury of a man and his daughter, and another man who swallowed his tongue out of fear.
  • Assad's militia shells the city of Jisr al-Shughour with artillery, leaving a number of wounded
  • Aftermath of alleged Russian or Syrian regime shelling of Jisr Al Shughour on July 9/10, 2023. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)
  • Adel Hijazi and his daughter were injured as a result of artillery shelling by Assad's gangs on the city of Jisr Al-Shughour
  • Remnants of a shell and smoke from alleged Russian or Syrian regime shelling of Jisr Al Shughour on July 9/10, 2023. (Image posted by @mzmgr941)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4575

Incident date

October 5, 2023

Location

الموزرة, Al-Mozra in Jabal Al-Zawiya, to the south of Idlib, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

In the village of Al-Mozra in Jabal Al-Zawiya to the south of Idlib, Syria, a man was killed and a number of civilians were injured from an alleged Syrian regime and/or Russian and/or Iranian artillery bombardment on Thursday, October 5th, 2023. Al-Mawza Facebook user posted a video showing bombardment of the village.

The person killed in the strike was identified as Haji Mahmoud Al Younes from the village of Qaqfin according to the activist Abdullah Idlabi and the Resilient Al-Zawiya Mountain (the Free of Al-Zawiya) Facebook posts, where image of Mahmoud being transported on a stretcher could be seen. It was also initially reported by Mount Al-Zawiya Al-Samud Facebook account that the man had been injured, but apparently he later died of his injuries. This account also shared a video where a number of men tried to carry his body that was previously lying on the ground.

Al-Muharrer Media Network, Orient and Twitter/X user @MohamadDaba9966 also reported a number of wounded people from the artillery shelling of Al-Mozra, without providing a specific number.

While most of the sources reported the strike was committed by the Syrian regime fources, a journalist Ahmed Rahhal and a Twitter/X user @Xd60euW24gEtWPp alleged that escalation came from Iranian and Russian forces too.

Since the sources identified different belligerents as being responsible for the strike, Airwars has classified both Strike Status and Civilian Harm Status as Contested.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Mahmoud Al Younes محمود اليونس
Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military, Iranian Military

Sources (24) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Source: Mount the corner withstand
  • Source: Sarmin today
  • Source: Sarmin today
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Source: @Xd60euW24gEtWPp
  • Source: @mustafakh1997
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Iranian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Iranian Military
  • Iranian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military, Iranian Military

Sources (24) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS022

Incident date

October 6, 2015

Location

القريتين, Al Qaryatayn, Homs, Syria

Geolocation

34.22989, 37.238245 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Syrian Observatory reported an unspecified number of casualties from an alleged Russian strike at Qarayatain, a town to the south west of Palmyra. Qasioun also reported that “a raid by fighters of the Russian Air Force on Tuesday afternoon led to deaths and injuries among civilians, some serious, as well as widespread destruction of civilian buildings, and property.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • News report in which an activist confirms Russian raids on Al Qaryatayn. No mention of civilian casualties. (via, Media office of the rebels of Syria)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

No Russian airstrikes were publicly reported in Homs governorate for October 6th 2015.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    0
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]