Russian Military in Syria

Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

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Incident Code

RS4424

Incident date

February 9, 2020

Location

الشيخ علي, Al Sheikh Ali, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

Three civilians were reportedly killed and an unknown number of civilians were wounded in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes near the village of Sheikh Ali, Aleppo governorate, on February 9th, 2020, according to local sources.

A Facebook post identified the two casualties as Atta Qadour and Khaled Qadour from Arada. The third was unidentified.

Step Agency reported that “two people were killed and a number of civilians were wounded, as a result of airstrikes by Russian warplanes in the vicinity of Sheikh Ali village in the countryside of Aleppo’. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights also reported two civilian deaths as the result of Russian airstrikes.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and Shaam News Network, however, reported three civilian casualties, blaming both Russia and the Syrian regime. SN4HR mentioned that barrels were used in the bombing.

Currently, further information is unavailable to Airwars.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    SCD volunteers responding after alleged Russian or Syrian regime targeted with airstrikes on Al Sheikh Ali in Aleppo on February 9th 2020 (via SNHR)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4423

Incident date

February 9, 2020

Location

كفرنوران, Kafarnouran, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

Up to 12 civilians were reported killed, including a woman and her husband, and up to 15 others injured including children, in alleged Russian forces or Syrian regime airstrikes and artillery shelling on Kafrnouran in Aleppo, on February 9th, 2020, according to local sources. Sources said that raids targeted homes and a primary school in the area.

The Syrian Civil Defense said that damage was caused to residential houses as a result of “two airstrikes that targeted residential houses in the outskirts of the town of Kfarnouran, west of Aleppo, and resulted in the injury of a village resident this morning Sunday, February 9th, 2020.”

SMART agency reported that “a man and his wife were killed and ten civilians were wounded, as a result of raids launched by Russian warplanes on civilian homes in the village of Kafrnoran West Aleppo city.”

However, @ShahbaPress  mentioned “the death toll from the martyrs of the Russian raids on the town of Kafarnuran in the western countryside of Aleppo to 9, including a woman.”

The Syrian Network for Human Rights said that a school was also targeted in the town. “Fixed- wing warplanes we believe were Russian fired missiles on the primary school in Kafr Noran village in the western suburbs of Aleppo governorate, partially destroying its building and damaging its furniture, on February 9th.”

Most sources blamed Russia for the incident, including ShahbaPress, Step Agency, SMART agency, Syrian Network and Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Syrian Civil Defense blame both Russia and the regime.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported that “four civilians from the same family were killed on February 9th, while they turned to their house to take their belongings to the place of displacement due to a strike carried out by Syrian regime forces using heavy machine guns in Kafr Noran village in the western suburbs of Aleppo governorate.”

Facebook posts by a member of the al-Qasir family reported four members dead, and another Facebook post from Abo Mohammed Abd Al Fattah reported seven dead, providing names for five.

The incident occured around midnight.

The victims were named as:

Family members (4)

Abd al-Rahman Abdullah al-Qasir عبدالرحمن عبدالله القصير
Adult male killed
Muhammad Omar Al-Qasir محمد عمر القصير
Age unknown male killed
Muhammad Abdul Hamid Al-Qasir محمد عبدالحميد القصير
Age unknown male killed
Ahmed Abdel Hamid Al-Qasir احمد عبدالحميد القصير
Age unknown male killed

The victims were named as:

Sobhi Abdel-Jabbar Al-Salaa صبحي عبد الجبار السلع
Age unknown male killed
Imad Hajj Ibrahim عماد حج إبراهيم
Age unknown male killed
Abdul Karim Khaled عبد الكريم خالد
Age unknown male killed
Abu Al-Rose Qasir أبو الروز قصير
Age unknown male killed
Hussein Khidr حسين خضر
Age unknown male killed
Abdul Rahman Abdullah Qasir عبد الرحمن عبد الله قصيرعبد الرحمن عبد ا عبد الرحمن عبد الله قصيرعبد الرحمن عبد الله قصيرلله قصير
Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    10 – 12
  • (1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–15
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (43) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (6) [ collapse]

  • A child hospitalized after being injured in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Kafrnouran in Aleppo, Syria on Feb 9th 2020. (via SCD)
  • A civilian hospitalized after being injured in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Kafrnouran in Aleppo, Syria on Feb 9th 2020. (via SCD)
  • Aftermath of alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Kafrnouran in Aleppo, Syria on Feb 9th 2020. (via SCD)
  • Aftermath of alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Kafrnouran in Aleppo, Syria on Feb 9th 2020. (via SCD)
  • Aftermath of alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Kafrnouran in Aleppo, Syria on Feb 9th 2020. (via SCD)
  • Rubble from Kafr Noran in Aleppo. Image from https://twitter.com/alatareb2018/status/1226457280742383616

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    10 – 12
  • (1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1–15
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (43) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4422

Incident date

February 8, 2020

Location

كفرنوران, Kafar Nouran, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

On Feburary 8th, two civilians were reported injured as a result of an airstrike in Kafr Nouran in Aleppo Governate. No information was reported on the identities of the injured, but multiple sources reported the injuries, as well as photographs of the aftermath.

@ShahbaPress reported that two civilians were injured and that civilians’ houses were destroyed as a result of alleged Russian airstrikes on Kafr Nouran in Aleppo on February 8th, 2020.

The Syrian Civil Defense said that “Two people were injured and residential homes destroyed  due to an airstrike by Russian aircraft targeting the town of Kfarnoran in the western countryside of Aleppo this morning, February 8th, 2020.”

The incident occured in the morning.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (18) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • Destruction to civilians' homes after alleged Russian airstrikes on Kafrnuran in Aleppo on February 8th, 2020 (via @ShahbaPress).
  • Destruction to civilians' homes after alleged Russian airstrikes on Kafrnuran in Aleppo on February 8th, 2020 (via @ShahbaPress).
  • Destruction to civilians' homes after alleged Russian airstrikes on Kafrnuran in Aleppo on February 8th, 2020 (via @ShahbaPress).
  • Aftermath of alleged Russian airstrike on Kafrnuran in Aleppo on February 8th, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo)
  • Aftermath of alleged Russian airstrike on Kafrnuran in Aleppo on February 8th, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (18) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4414

Incident date

February 5, 2020

Location

تفتناز, Taftanaz, Idlib , Syria

Airwars assessment

Between one and two civilians, including a child, were reported killed and four civilians, including up to four children and a woman, were injured as a result of alleged Russian and/or Syrian airstrikes on the town of Taftanaz in the northeastern countryside of Idlib on February 5, 2020. The majority of sources reported that during the attack barrel bombs were dropped out of helicopters.

Regarding civilian harm, Ayham Steif and thawrat111 tweeted that the attack on Taftanaz resulted in multiple deaths. However, most sources reported only one civilian casualty, a girl, that the Syrian Network for Human Rights identified as Aalaa Alaa Rahhal.

Reporting on wounded civilians varied. A number of sources, including Al Jisr TV, said that several civilians sustained injuries, most of them children. According to Smart News, three children and a woman got wounded, while @FdzPWRe6ruGFPd tweeted that four children were injured. Three sources reported that the attack on Taftanaz resulted in four civilian injuries without any further specifications.

Sources were conflicted as to who was responsible for the airstrikes on Taftanaz. @EyadHoms20 attributed the attack to the Syrian Armed Forces stating that “[h]elicopters of the regime [targeted] with barrel bombs the city of Taftanaz in the northern Idlib countryside”, while others referred to Russia as having carried out the strikes. According to Nafeza Media, both Russia and the Regime were involved.  It stated that “Russian occupation aircraft and helicopters of the Assad militia launched dozens of missiles and barrel bombs on the town.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Aalaa Alaa Rahhal
Child female killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 2
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photographs of children injured and killed after Syrian and/or Russian armed forces allegedly bombed the city of Taftanaz with barrel bombs. (Posted by ala_hacioglu via Twitter)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photographs of children injured and killed after Syrian and/or Russian armed forces allegedly bombed the city of Taftanaz with barrel bombs. (Posted by ala_hacioglu via Twitter)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photographs of children injured and killed after Syrian and/or Russian armed forces allegedly bombed the city of Taftanaz with barrel bombs. (Posted by ala_hacioglu via Twitter)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Photographs of children injured and killed after Syrian and/or Russian armed forces allegedly bombed the city of Taftanaz with barrel bombs. (Posted by ala_hacioglu via Twitter)
  • A man carrying a child stands in line to receive first aid after alleged airstrikes of Syrian and/or Russian forces on the town of Taftanaz on February 5, 2020 resulted in multiple deaths and injuries. (Image posted by Ahmad Ghazal on Facebook)
  • Ahmad Ghazal uploaded photographs of the destruction that resulted from alleged Syrian and.or Russian airstrikes on the city of Taftanaz on February 5, 2020. (Image via Facebook)
  • Ahmad Ghazal uploaded photographs of the destruction that resulted from alleged Syrian and.or Russian airstrikes on the city of Taftanaz on February 5, 2020. (Image via Facebook)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 2
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4421

Incident date

February 6, 2020

Location

مناطق متعددة, Several Towns, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

Shaam Network reported that on February 6th, 2020 “Russian and Syrian regime air forces launched dozens of very violent and airstrikes targeting the areas of clashes, the city of Idlib, the towns and villages of Sarmin, Qumenas, Taftanaz, Kafr Nubel and Hass, which led to the fall of a child martyr in Taftanaz, 11 martyrs in the city of Idlib, and a number of wounded in the rest of the areas.”

No further details are available at the moment. Due to limitations in sources, it is possible that the casualties have been reflected in other assessments.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    11
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    11
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4419

Incident date

February 6, 2020

Location

تفتناز, Taftanaz, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

One child was killed and four to five other civilians, including up to four children and a woman, were injured in alleged Russian or regime airstrikes on the town of Taftanaz on the night of February 6th, 2020.

A tweet from @HalabTodayTV reported that a child was killed and his family was injured in airstrikes on the city of Taftanaz. @WM_FREESYR specified that the child that was killed was displaced and that his mother and brothers were injured when their home was struck.

A post from Kafarnabil on Facebook provided the name of the child killed: Hamza Ali Al-Khatib. Samoo.ghazal posted on Facebook the names of those injured: Mother Khitam Muhammad Al-Khatib (Al-Dadoush); and her children Abdul Wahab Ali Al-Khatib; Muhammad Ali Al-Khatib; Ahmed Ali Al-Khatib; Rasha Ali Khatib.

@Step_Agency put the number of people injured at four, also identifying them as being from one family while @baladinetwork reported that five people were injured. A Facebook post by Wasim Alkhalf reported that the family was displaced from the city of Kafranbel.

The majority of sources attributed the strikes to regime planes. However, SMART News and @ShahbaPress blamed Russia while @abmualsu identified Russia and the regime as responsible.

The incident occured at 00:57:00 local time.

The victims were named as:

Family members (6)

Hamza Ali Al-Khatib حمزة علي الخطيب
Child male killed
Khitam Muhammad Al-Khatib (Al-Dadoush) ختام محمد الخطيب(الدعدوش
Adult female injured
Abdul Wahab Ali Al-Khatib عبد الوهاب علي الخطيب
injured
Muhammad Ali Al-Khatib محمد علي الخطيب
injured
Ahmed Ali Al-Khatib أحمد علي الخطيب
injured
Rasha Ali Khatib رشا علي الخطيب
injured

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    None known
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4–5
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (18) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The child "Hamza Ali Al-Khatib", killed in alleged Russian strikes on Taftanaz on February 6, 2020. (Image posted by Kafarnabil via Facebook)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    None known
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4–5
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (18) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4418

Incident date

February 6, 2020

Location

بلدات متعددة, Several Towns, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

On February 6th, 2020, several towns were reported bombed by airstrikes, with four reported dead and one woman injured.

Shaam Network reported that, “Russian and Assad warplanes launched dozens of airstrikes, accompanied by fierce artillery and missile shelling that targeted the areas of clashes, cities, towns, villages of Azaz, Huritan, Kafr Hamrah, Andan, Maarat Al-Ateeq, Kafr Alepp, Greater Awarm, Babis, Kafr Basin, Kafr Dael, Al-Rashideen Association, Khan Al-Asal, and Bashnata, which resulted in the fall of 4 martyrs in Urm Al Kubra. One lady in Hayyan, and many wounded, in the rest of the targeted areas.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4417

Incident date

February 6, 2020

Location

عندان, Andan, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

Up to one civilian was reported injured after alleged Russian and/or Syrian airstrikes or artillery shelling on the city of Andan in the northern countryside of Aleppo on February 6, 2020.

Regarding civilian harm, Smart News reported that according to Civil Defence journalist Hamzah al-Youssef “(…) a civilian was injured as a result of an artillery shelling that targeted the city of Andan (…)”. Bawaba Aleppo also said that one civilian sustained injuries during the attack. However, the Syrian Violence Documentation Center stated that raids with missiles from Russian warplanes and with barrel bombs of the Syrian government forces’ helicopters targeted multiple cities, including andan on Thursday, February 6, 2020 without any injuries. Similarly, Jisr TV reported that the air raids of Russian and Regime forces on Andan only resulted in material losses.

Many sources mentioned damage to civilian objects. SCD Aleppo reported that “artillery bombardments by the regime forces on Andan [caused] extensive damage and destruction to residential houses and the medical point in the city.” Similarly, @HalabTodayTV said that “Andan Health Center is out of service after being subjected to artillery shelling by the regime forces.” This was also reported by Baladi News Network. The Syrian Network for Human Rights stated that the Regime fired an artillery shell near Anadan High School in Anadan city, partially damaging its building and furniture.

Sources were conflicted as to who was responsible for the strike with Anadolu Agency attributing the attack to Russia, while SNHR and SCD Aleppo referred to Regime forces as having carried out the strike. Bawaba Aleppo initially quoted Smart News saying that Regime forces stationed in the suburb of Al-Zahraa Association west of Aleppo carried out artillery strikes on Andan, though they later reported that Russia had launched the airstrikes on Andan. VDC Syria claimed that both Russian warplanes and Regime helicopters with barrel bombs attacked the city of Andan, however they consolidated the incident into a larger report of strikes across various cities and towns.

The incident allegedly took place on Thursday morning. The exact local time of the incident is unknown.

The incident occured in the morning.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    0–1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • Damage caused by Syrian regime or Russian forces shelling on Andan in Aleppo on Feb 6th, 2020 (via SCD)
  • Destruction to Andadn school in Aleppo caused by Syrian regime or Russian forces shelling on Andan in Aleppo on Feb 6th, 2020 (via SCD)
  • Destruction to residential areas in Andan, Aleppo caused by Syrian regime or Russian forces shelling on Feb 6th, 2020 (via SCD)
  • Destruction to residential areas in Andan, Aleppo caused by Syrian regime or Russian forces shelling on Feb 6th, 2020 (via SCD)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    0–1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (12) [ collapse]