Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS4299

Incident date

January 5, 2020

Location

دير الشرقي, Deir Al Sharqi, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

Civilians were reportedly wounded by alleged Russian airstrikes on the village of Deir Al Sharqi, Idlib governorate, on January 5th, 2020.

Various local sources, including @MolhamKaied, reported that “injuries” resulted from airstrikes on Deir Al Sharqi but did not mention how many were injured.

The majority of sources attributed airstrikes and the resulting injuries in Deir Al Sharqi to Russian forces. However, Pressn News reported that “SANA’s reporter stated that the army’s operations focused during the past few hours on the locations of terrorist groups on the outskirts of the city of Maarat al-Numan and the villages of al-Deir al-Sharqi “.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4344

Incident date

January 22, 2020

Location

القلعجية, Al Qal’ajiya, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

Local media reported the death of one child and the injury of his brother in an alleged Russian airstrikes on Al Qal’ajiya.

According to Shahba Press, “A civilian youth was martyred and his brother was injured as a result of air strikes on the village of Al Qal’ajiya in the southern countryside of Aleppo, Thursday morning.”

Justice Organisation and other local sources named the victims as Muhammad Eid Nour, aged 14, who was killed, and his brother, Abd al-Hakim, who was wounded.

Aramme News reported that “it is worth noting that the Russian warplanes launched intensive raids on the countryside of Aleppo and Idlib on Tuesday, ignoring the recently announced ceasefire; as a result, dozens of civilians were killed and wounded, including an entire family.”

@abuhuzaifa published distressing footage showing the children’s mother “collecting the parts of her child that were scattered and holding each piece in her hand.”

The incident occured in the morning.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Muhammad Nour
14 years old male killed
Abd al-Hakim
Age unknown male brother of Muhammad Nour injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (16) [ collapse]

  • Translation: "Civil Defense: A civilian youth was martyred and his brother was injured as a result of air strikes on the village of Al Qal’ajiya in the southern countryside of Aleppo #, Thursday morning."
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The body of a civilian following an alleged Russian airstrike on Al Qal'ajiya, Jan 22nd (via Justice Organisation)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The body of a civilian following an alleged Russian airstrike on Al Qal'ajiya, Jan 22nd (via Justice Organisation)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on Al Qal'ajiya, Jan 22nd (via Justice Organisation)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Distressing: a mother collects body parts from her child, following his death in an alleged Russian airstrike on Al Qal’ajiya, Jann 22nd.
  • The White Helmets attend the scene of an alleged Russian airstrike on Al Qal'ajiya, Jan 22nd (via White Helmets)
  • The White Helmets attend the scene of an alleged Russian airstrike on Al Qal'ajiya, Jan 22nd (via White Helmets)
  • The White Helmets attend the scene of an alleged Russian airstrike on Al Qal'ajiya, Jan 22nd (via White Helmets)
  • Horrya documented the alleged death and destruction as a result of reported Russian actions in Syria during January 2020 (Image via Horrya News)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    14 year old Muhammad Nour was killed by an alleged Russian forces airstrike on January 22nd 2020 (Image via @Abdhasa41673390 / Twitter)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    14 year old Muhammad Nour was killed by an alleged Russian forces airstrike on January 22nd 2020 (Image via @Abdhasa41673390 / Twitter)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    14 year old Muhammad Nour was killed by an alleged Russian forces (Image via JesrPress)
  • 14 year old Muhammad Nour was killed by an alleged Russian forces (Image via Talhadaya Alhadath / Facebook)
  • Destruction after an alleged Russian forces airstrike on January 22nd 2020 in the eastern countryside of Aleppo, Syria (Image via Fawaz.jwaid91 / Facebook)
  • Destruction after an alleged Russian forces airstrike on January 22nd 2020 in the eastern countryside of Aleppo, Syria (Image via Fawaz.jwaid91 / Facebook)
  • The mother of Muhammad Nour, aged 14, who was killed allegedly by a Russian airstrike, looks for the remains of her son (Image via Aramme)

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4373

Incident date

January 28, 2020

Location

عنجارة, Ainjara, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

One girl died and her mother and up to four siblings were wounded in alleged Russia or regime airstrikes on Ainjara village, according to local media. All but one source (the Step News Agency) blamed solely Russia for the strikes and associated civilian harm.

The Smart News Agency reported: “A girl was killed and others, all of them from the same family, were wounded on Tuesday [Jan 28th], by Russian air strikes on the village of Ainjara (18 km west of Aleppo) in northern Syria…local sources said that a child had been killed and four children and their mother were injured as a result of the bombing of Russian warplanes on civilian homes in the village of Ainjara.”

The Violations Documentation Center in Syria reported one death and four others wounded, including three children; this story was corroborated by Smart News. Smart News also reported that the deceased child’s mother was among the wounded. Thiga News reported that one wounded child was brought to Turkey for medical attention. Syrian Civil Defense later confirmed that all the casualties were from one family, with two sisters and their mother wounded, and one sister killed. Halab News reported that the family’s house was specifically targeted.

Smart added that some of the wounded – among them critical cases – were treated in Turkish hospitals, “while the rest of the wounded were transferred to hospitals in the region by the civil defense teams.”

The White Helmets put the wounded toll lower, reporting that “a child was killed and her mother and two sisters from the Hassan Dergham family were injured”.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights named the girl as Hasan Dergham Rustum.

While the overwhelming majority of sources attributed the raids to Russia, The Step News Agency said that the regime also carried out strikes on Ainjara village on this day.

Halab News noted that Ainjara was civilian area, and the house of the casualties was targeted by warplanes.

According to @SyrianCoalition, the strike occurred in the afternoon, though the White Helmets said that it happened “in the morning”.

The incident occured during the day.

The victims were named as:

Family members (6)

Child female killed
Adult female injured
Child female injured
Child female injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4–5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (4) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on Ainjara, Jan 28th (via White Helmets)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on Ainjara, Jan 28th (via White Helmets)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on Ainjara, Jan 28th (via White Helmets)
  • The ruins of a family's home following an alleged Russian airstrike in Ainjara, Jan 28th (via SyrianCoalition)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 child)
  • Civilians reported injured
    4–5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4405

Incident date

February 3, 2020

Location

افس, Iffes, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

Two Syrian Civil Defence volunteers were injured in alleged Russian or Syrian regime air or artillery strikes as they attended the site of an earlier airstrike in the village of Iffes, Idlib governorate, on February 3rd, 2020, according to local sources.

The Syrian Civil Defense and several other sources named the injured men as Ahmed Ali Pasha and Muhammad Ali Pasha. 

The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported that “the brothers Muhammad and Ahmad Ali Basha, members of Civil Defense – Binnesh Center, were injured as fixed-wing warplanes we believe were Russian fired missiles near Civil Defense team in Iffes village in the northeastern suburbs of Idlib governorate, while they were checking the site of previous bombing by Syrian-Russian alliance forces on the village, partially destroying a service car, on February 3.”

Footage uploaded by @SyriaCivilDefe showed its members assisting an injured colleague after what it called “double air raids” on the town.

@Step_Agency said: “Warplanes of the Syrian regime forces target the villages of Iffes and Tal al-Sultan in conjunction with the bombing with barrel bombs by helicopters targeting the city of Sarmin in the eastern countryside of Idlib”.

Hosn, Shaam News Agency and Vdcsy said Russian and Syrian regime aircraft carried out dozens of airstrikes against towns and cities including Iffes

@baladinetwork said: “Regime forces bombard with artillery shells and rocket launchers the city of Saraqib and the towns of Iffes and Al-Qarmeed factory in the southeastern countryside of Idlib”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Adult male volunteer for SCD in Binnish injured
Adult male volunteer for SCD in Binnish injured

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • The brothers Muhammad and Ahmad Ali Basha, volunteers for the Syrian Civil Defence in Binnish centre, were injured in alleged Russian or Syrian regime air or artillery strikes as they attended the site of an earlier airstrike on the town of Iffes, Idlib governorate, on February 3rd, 2020 (via SN4HR).

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4433

Incident date

February 11, 2020

Location

زردنا, Zardana, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

On February 11, 2020 the city of Zardana was struck by an air raid from Russian or regime forces that killed two men.

Syrian Civil Defense as well as local witnesses reported that warplanes, using machine guns, struck a camp in Zardana with families and killing two men. Shaam News corroborated this story, but names were not released.

A tweet from @Talhamwi3 added that “the shells reached the vicinity of the Sanabel Al-Khair team’s endowment camp in the city of Zardana, and the families were evacuated, and we are now moving the camp to a safe area”.

Witnesses and news agencies credited the Assad regime for the air strikes while Shaam News mentioned both the regime and Russian aviation carrying out strikes across Idlib, including in Zardana.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • Zardana........11/2/2020
  • "The shells reached the vicinity of the Sanabel Al-Khair team’s endowment camp in the city of Zardana, and the families were evacuated, and we are now moving the camp to a safe area." (Image posted by @Talhamwi3)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4465

Incident date

February 19, 2020

Location

بسامس, Bsames, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

At least one civilian was wounded through an alleged Russian bombing raid on the village of Bsames on February 19th, 2020.

A tweet by @oulaalassaad mentioned both the wounding of a civilian and the specific targeting of displaced people by Russian warplanes. However, @mhmdfaisel mentioned that “civilians” were injured without providing a number for how many. No names were released of the wounded individuals.

Bsames is a village that contained a significant number of displaced civilians. A tweet from @syayleQKPE2wuys identified the location of the strikes as being a poultry farm.

Tweets from Shaam News, Smart News, and local witnesses reported a singular injured civilian due to an attack by Russian fixed-wing warplanes. All of the other sources also attributed the strikes to Russian forces.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS4495

Incident date

March 1, 2020

Location

كفرنتين, Kafar Natin, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

Up to five civilians, including one child were killed, and three to six others were injured as a result of an alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrike on a residential gathering in Kafr Natin near Dar Ezza in Aleppo, on the morning of March 1st 2020 according to Local sources.

Most of the sources claimed that Russian forces were responsible for the airstrikes, while few others including SNHR blamed the Syrian regime.

Arabic news agencies and other local sources initially reported the killing of 4 civilians, however SCD-Aleppo documented the names of 5 killed civilians: young Mahdi Al-Jarr, young Raji Abdullah, young Hassan Ibrahim Jameel Al-Jarr, young Imran Jamil Al-Jarr, and the child Muhammad Abdul Kafi Mustafa who was a student at Al- Yarmouk school.

Ibrahim Abu laith from Syrian Civil Defense said that five civilians, including one child, were killed and three others were wounded as a result of air strikes by warplanes, targeting a house in the village of Kafar natin west of Aleppo. SCD-Aleppo named the injured as Jamil Al Jarr, Barakat Jamil Al-Jarr and Zaki Jamil Al-Jarr and mentioned that 3 other injured were unidentified patients. Syrian Civil Defense added that some of those that were wounded were in critical condition.

A few local sources including Halab today TV reported that the residential gathering attacked was close to a Turkish point. The Syrian Civil Defense added that two air strikes were carried out against the village of Kafr Natin.

The incident occured in the afternoon.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 5
  • (1 child3–4 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    3–6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (25) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers recovering the body of a victim after alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers recovering the body of a victim after alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD).
  • Rubble after alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers searching for victims underneath the rubble after alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD).
  • Civilian homes were reportedly targeted in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Civilian homes were destroyed in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Civilian homes were reportedly targeted in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).
  • Syrian Civil Defence volunteers at the site after alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Kafar Natin on March 2nd, 2020 (via SCD Aleppo).

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 5
  • (1 child3–4 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    3–6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (25) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3721

Incident date

May 26, 2019

Location

مورك, Morek, Hama, Syria

Airwars assessment

A young man was killed in alleged Russian or Syrian regime artillery strikes on agricultural land near Morek, in the northern Hama countryside, on May 26th, 2019, according to local sources.

Halfaya Media Center reported the death of the young man Taher Suleiman Al Ahmad, who died “as a result of being targeted by artillery shells while working on agricultural lands near Morek.”

The Violations Documentation Center of Syria wrote that Al Ahmad had been targeted by artillery shells coming from Russian forces at the Kabari Camp. The Syrian Civil Defence, however, blamed the Syrian regime for the death of a man near Morek.

The Syrian Human Rights Committee reported that Al Ahmad died in the airstrikes on the city of Ma’arat Al Numan on May 26th. All other sources, however, reported that the victim died near Morek.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • Translation: “Four civilians were killed and others injured as a result of the continued escalation of the regime forces in the towns and villages of Hama, where two martyrs were killed in the city of Latamna, one on the outskirts of the city trying to extinguish the fires in the agricultural land, while a man rose in the city of Kafr Zeita and a man in Morek. Civil Defence teams assist the civilian population and respond to their appeals in all regions” (via Syrian Civil Defence).
  • Translation: “The youth Taher Suleiman Al Ahmad was elevated as a result of being targeted by artillery shells while working on agricultural lands near Morek, in the northern Hama countryside” (via Halfaya Media Center).

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 man)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]