Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS211

Incident date

November 29, 2015

Location

أريحا, Ariha, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.81374, 36.60964 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

At least 37 civilians, including four children, were reported killed – and more than 72 others injured – in an alleged Russian airstrike on the market in the centre of Ariha, according to multiple reports. Amnesty International placed the death toll at 49 following an investigation.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported that Russian warplanes launched three rockets on the market, destroying more than 20 shops and 25 cars. It noted that vital facilities were targeted, and after conducting interviews with witnesses stated that: “Through careful examination of the photo and video evidence we concluded that the airstrikes had targeted a purely civilian marketplace void of any military or weapons depots neither during nor before the attack.”

Mohamad Jattal, a media activist from Ariha, was near the market and went directly to the shelling location. He told SN4HR: “The Russian warplanes launched three rockets that fell on the market. One hit a civilian gathering which turned them to body parts. We still cannot identify the victims. The rockets, possibly vacuum missiles, caused huge damage. The attack destroyed what was left of the market where 20 shops were almost completely destroyed. Most of the victims were vendors who sold their products in the market. Since the Russian warplanes started their airstrikes, the city became free of any presence of the [rebel] Al Fateh Army, so as to protect residents from the shelling. However, it seems that Russia considers civilians a target.”

Relief aid activist Omar Rihawi also described the scene for the Syrian Network: “Civil Defense teams arrived and pulled dead bodies from under the rubble and took the injured to medical points. However, the medical points could not receive all the injured people at once due to the lack of medical supplies. Russian and Syrian regime warplanes have both targeted this market.”

Mohamad Ameen, a media activist and photographer who was near the shelling location, added: “I went to the market a few minutes after the shelling and the scene was horrific. Blood, bodies and body parts were scattered all around the market. I saw a woman sitting next to her husband and children’ dead bodies. She was sobbing and calling to them. It was devastating. The number of the injured individuals reached more than 70, and we do not have the proper medical equipment to deal with this number of injuries.”

The Syrian Network named  30 victims. It also said there were six further unidentified victims. And Shaam News later reported the White Helmets recovered the body of a man under rubble, 20 days after the initial alleged airstrike.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Child male Named by SN4HR killed

Family members (2)

Child male Named by SN4HR killed
Child male Named by SN4HR killed

The victims were named as:

Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Child male Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown Named by SN4HR killed
Adult male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed
Age unknown male Named by SN4HR killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    37 – 49
  • (4 children10–16 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    72
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (8) [ collapse]

  • The shelling aftermath by alleged Russian warplanes on Areeha's main market, November 29th2016. (via SN4HR)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A man beside the body of a victim from the alleged Russian raid on Areeha, November 29th 2016. (via SN4HR)
  • A video that depicts aftermath of the alleged Russian raid on the main market in Areeha. (via, Maara Media Center)
  • A video that depicts the massacre’s location on the main market in Areeha city due to the alleged Russian shelling. The video shows a number of residents who appear to be survivors from the shelling. (via Ariha Today)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Images of deceased children who were killed due to the alleged Russian shelling on Areeha’s main market. (via SN4HR)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    An image that depicts a deceased man who was killed due to the alleged Russian shelling on Areeha’s main market. (via SN4HR)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    An image that depicts a deceased mans body who was killed due to the alleged Russian shelling on Areeha’s main market. (via SN4HR)
  • Impact location (in red) of a suspected Russian air strike on a market in Ariha on 29 November 2015. Imagery date: 23 September 2014. Coordinates: 35.813144, 36.610613 © Google Earth / DigitalGlobe.

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia reported that “In the course of the last week, November 26 – December 4, the Russian aircraft have performed 431 combat sorties from the Hmeymim airbase making pinpoint strikes on 1458 terrorist objects in the Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Deir ez-Zor and Raqqah provinces.”

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    37 – 49
  • (4 children10–16 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    72
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS244

Incident date

December 8, 2015

Location

تلول الحمر, Tulul Al Humur, Hama, Syria

Geolocation

34.956623, 36.959188 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Violations Documentation Center listed one unidentified adult female as killed in an alleged Russian airstrike on Tulul Al Humur.

No further details are available at the present time.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Geolocation notes

Reports of the incident mention the village Tulul Al Humur (تلول الحمر), for which the generic coordinates are: 34.956623, 36.959188. Due to limited satellite imagery and information available to Airwars, we were unable to verify the location further.

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Unknown

Russia has published no known record of its strikes in Syria between December 4th-8th.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • (1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS276

Incident date

December 14, 2015

Location

حي المرجة, Al Murja, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.1867279, 37.1785927 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between five and seven civilians including one woman and one child were killed – and many injured – in airstrikes on the Al Murja neighbourhood in Aleppo – though reports were conflicted as to whether the attack was the work of Russia or the Assad regime.

The Shaam News Network reported that Russian warplanes using cluster bombs were responsible, leading to the death of seven people.

SNN noted: “Russian jets have raided Marjah district using rockets containing cluster bombs that are internationally prohibited,” and led to the  fall of seven martyrs and  many  wounded.

They stated that the White Helmets were still removing un-exploded bombs, adding that cluster bombs were forbidden internationally, explaining that they  “explode before they reach the earth’s surface and containing hundreds of bomblets spread over a wide area after the explosion, it is possible that the number of these bombs settle on the surface of the ground without exploding, becoming a threat [that] may remain for decades.

But the Syrian Network for Human Rights, who put the death toll at three including one woman and open child, blamed missiles from regime warplanes.

The VDC also listed two Unidentified males.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Hamdo Sheikh al-Jebb
Adult male named by the VDC killed
Ibraheem Arbash
Adult male named by the VDC killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5 – 7
  • (1 child1 woman4 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia is not known to have publicly released any information relating to its airstrikes in Syria between December 9th and December 14th 2015.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5 – 7
  • (1 child1 woman4 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS309

Incident date

December 24, 2015

Location

احرص, Ahras, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.4077699, 37.1453087 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Exact location (via Airwars) level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Seven or more civilians including two children were reported killed in an alleged Russian airstrike on Ihress.

Al Safira News reported “the death of two children and the injuring of more than 15 others, after more than 15 cars and trucks were bombed with cluster bombs which targeted a convoy of vehicles at a checkpoint between the rebel zones and other areas.”

While most reports only cited one child death, a video issued by Shaam News shows multiple strikes and a second unnamed child victim (pictured.) Halab News placed the death toll as high as 15, which it said included members of the al-Akhras family.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Adult male killed
Adult male killed

The victims were named as:

Child female killed
49 years old male killed
Adult male killed
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 15
  • (2 children5 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    15
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • A video to show convoy trucks burning after being targeted by alleged Russian raids. (via, Al Safria News Centre)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Batoul Ahmad Hamida, a deceased baby, killed on 24th December 2015 by an alleged Russian raid. (via, VDC)
  • Ahmad Ali Yehya al-Shami, killed by an alleged Russian raid. (via, VDC)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Ibraheem Asi, killed by an alleged Russian raid. (via, VDC)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Footage of a raids as they fell onto buildings, and graphic images of deceased children almost immediately after. (via, SNN)

Geolocation notes (4) [ collapse]

Reports of the incident mention that airstrikes targeted several vehicles between Ahras and Harbul, Syria. After investigating visual material from sources, we narrowed this location down to a stretch of land near a checkpoint just north of Ahras, for which the generic coordinates are: 36.4077699, 37.1453087. The strikes targeted at least four locations within this strip of land.

  • The first strike targeted a vehicle located between the two berms or soil barriers (features A and B)

    Imagery:
    Hussien Khatab

  • Note that feature E refers to a mosque south of the town of Harbul, while feature D refers to a dirt staging area for trucks preparing to enter a checkpoint, and feature C refers to the green field between the photographer and the trucks.

    Imagery:
    Hussien Khatab

  • Satellite imagery showing the features in the witness media.

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

  • Satellite imagery showing exact locations of vehicles targeted in airstrike.

    Imagery:
    Google Earth

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Unknown

There were no published Russian reports for strikes in Syria on December 24th-25th 2016.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 15
  • (2 children5 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    15
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS341

Incident date

January 3, 2016

Location

الشيخ مسكين‎, Sheikh Miskeen, Dara'a, Syria

Geolocation

32.827948, 36.158664 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

A woman and man were killed in Sheikh Miskeen according to local sources – though it is not clear whether regime air or ground forces, strikes by Russian warplanes, or both were responsible for the deaths.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights produced two reports on the incident. The first report said that Russian warplanes carried out 12 strikes on Sheikh Miskeen amid clashes between regime forces and rebels, and that the corpse of an old woman was found “around the town” with activists accusing the regime of killing her. But according to a second report a woman from Sheikh Miskeen died from injuries sustained when warplanes “believed to be Russian” carried out several raids on the town.

The VDC also lists Mohammad Ramadan as having died in the vicinity “Due to Russian air forces shelling.” And al Jazeera reported that “a woman and a child were seriously injured.” The VDC also later listed Basemah Fayez Muneif from the town as having died in al Ramth hospital in Jordan as a result of injuries sustained in regime shelling on January 3rd – which may match this incident.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male named as as having died in the vicinity “Due to Russian air forces shelling.” killed
Adult female having died in al Ramth hospital in Jordan as a result of injuries sustained in regime shelling on January 3rd – which may match this incident killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (1–2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • The exact moment that the raids fell on Shiekh Miskeen. (via, Step News Agency)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

In its report for military actions on January 11 2016, the Kremlin reports carrying out strikes in Dara’a governorate: “In the course of 10 days of the year 2016, the Russian aircraft have performed 311 combat sorties engaging 1097 objects in the Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Damascus, Deir ez-Zor, Hasakah, Daraa, and Raqqah provinces.“

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • (1–2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS373

Incident date

January 12, 2016

Location

منبج, Manbij, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.52815, 37.95495 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between seven and 25 civilians including three children and one woman were killed and 40-41 injured in airstrikes on Manbij, according to multiple sources. While four of the sources say that Russian forces carried out the attacks, a fifth blames the Assad regime.

The Shaam News Network reported that 25 non-combatants were killed and “about 40 others wounded” in seven airstrikes by Russian warplanes “which focused focused on Al’Haal, Shar’aat Al banat, the Aleppo road and Al Zira’a and Hneital neighbourhoods.” They noted widespread destruction to residential buildings.

The IS agency Al A’maq also blamed Russia (putting the death toll at 25 and the number injured at 41), while the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that at least 50 civilians were injured or killed (including three children brothers) in 15 raids by “warplanes believed to be Russian“.

But the Syrian Network for Human Rights said that shelling by regime forces killed at least seven, including one woman and her three children.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (3)

Child female killed
Child female killed
Child male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 25
  • (3 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    40–41
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (3) [ collapse]

  • Hala Qutaiba al-Hsain, killed an alleged Russian and Syrian Regime airstrike. (via, VDC)
  • Leena Qutaiba al-Hsain, killed an alleged Russian and Syrian Regime airstrike. (via, VDC)
  • Yehya Qutaiba al-Hsain, killed an alleged Russian and Syrian Regime airstrike. (via, VDC)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between 11-15 January.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 25
  • (3 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    40–41
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS405

Incident date

January 16, 2016

Location

ام شقيف, Um Shkeef, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.394676, 37.650672 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three civilians died in an alleged Russian airstrikes on the the village of Um Shkeef, according to two local sources.

Alaan TV reported that dozens died and were wounded by alleged Russian strikes in east Aleppo, including three civilians in Um Shkeef, located on the road from Al Bab to Manbij.

Halab News also put the death toll at three following a “heavy aerial bombardment by warplanes“, though they did not say who the planes belonged to.

According to Step, two civilians died, though it was unclear from their report whether Russia or the regime were responsible.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

In its report for military actions on January 19 2016, the Kremlin reports carrying out strikes in Aleppo governorate: “In the course of the last four days, aircraft of the Russian air group in the Syrian Arab Republic have performed 157 combat sorties engaging 579 objects of terrorists’ infrastructure in the provinces of Aleppo, Raqqah, Latakia, Homs, Hama and Deir ez-Zor.“

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 3
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (3) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS437

Incident date

January 21, 2016

Location

منطقة الأماسي, Al Amassi (Ar Raqqah), Ar Raqqah, Syria

Geolocation

35.9527716, 39.0094042 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Sixteen civilians including six to nine children and four women died in airstrikes on Al Amassi in Raqqa, according to local sources – though most reports blamed Russia, others did not identify who was responsible.

RBSS initially referred only to “warplanes“, but in a later post alleged that Russia was responsible.

According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, Russian shelling of Al Amassi street killed 16 civilians, including six children and four women.

Other sources, including Syrian News Desk and Deir Alzro Free radio also attributed the attack to Russia.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (3)

Adult male killed

Family members (6)

Adult female killed
Adult female killed
Adult female killed
Child male killed
Child male killed
Child male killed

Family members (4)

Child male killed
Child male killed
Child male killed
Child male killed

The victims were named as:

Adult female killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    16
  • (6–9 children5 women2 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (37) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Ahmad, Mahmoud and Mohammad Al Dakhil, killed in an alleged Russian raid on Al Ammassi. (via, Raqqa is being Slaughtered Silently

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

No Russian reports were published for January 21st 2016.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    16
  • (6–9 children5 women2 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (37) [ collapse]