Russian Military in Syria

Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

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Incident Code

R4490

Incident date

November 17, 2022

Location

الاتارب, Al Atareb, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

Between five and six civilians, including up to five children, were injured by alleged Russian or Syrian regime artillery shelling of the outskirts of Al Atareb on November 17, 2022.

The @SyriaCivilDefe reported that six people, including two children, were injured by Syrian regime and Russian artillery shelling of the outskirts of Al Atareb. The Civil Defense volunteers transferred one of the injured to a specialized hospital for treatment.

@thiqanewsagency put the number of civilians injured at five and attributed the shelling to the regime forces while the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that all five of the injuries were children.

The majority of sources attributed the incident to the Syrian regime, with Radio Al Kul specifying that the strike were carried out by regime forces stationed in the 46th regiment. However, both @Yassmin_ya1 and the Syrian Civil Defense identified both the Syrian regime and Russia as being responsible for the shelling. @Step_Agency reported that both artillery and missiles were part of the bombardment.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    5–6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Civil Defense volunteers assist a civilian injured by alleged Russian and Syrian regime strikes on Al Atari on November 17, 2022. (Image posted by Syrian Civil Defense via Twitter)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    5–6
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4491

Incident date

November 20, 2022

Location

جسر الشغور, Jisr Al Shughur, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

A child was killed when an unexploded cluster bomb originally launched by Syrian regime or Russian forces exploded in agricultural land on the outskirts of the city of Jisr Al Shughur on November 20, 2022.

The @SyriaCivilDefe reported that a child was killed when a cluster bomb from a previous bombing, attributed to the Syrian regime and Russia, exploded while the child was grazing sheep on the outskirts of the city of Jisr Al Shughur.

A local source told North Press that “the explosion resulted in the killing of the child, Muhammad Saleh al-Daghli, from the city of Jisr Al Shughur” and that many children were grazing their sheep in the same area.

@Almohrar1 added that the body of the child was transferred to the forensic medicine department in the city of Idlib, and then handed over to his family.

Sources were conflicted as to whether the bomb was from a previous Russian or Syrian regime bombardment.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Muhammad Saleh al-Daghli محمد صالح الدغلي
Child male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Agriculture
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Cause of injury / death
    Planted explosives and unexploded ordnance (UXO)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Syrian Civil Defense volunteers with the body of a child killed by an unexploded cluster bomb in Jisr Al Shughur on November 20, 2022. (Image posted by the Syrian Civil Defense via Twitter)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Agriculture
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Cause of injury / death
    Planted explosives and unexploded ordnance (UXO)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (13) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4492

Incident date

November 21, 2022

Location

معربليت, Maarbelet, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

A 35 year old man was injured by alleged Syrian regime or Russian artillery shelling of the outskirts of the village of Maarbelet on November 21, 2022.

The @SyriaCivilDefe reported that a man was injured while working on agricultural land by artillery shelling carried out by the Syrian regime and Russian forces on the outskirts of the village of Maarbelet. The Civil Defense added that a woman also suffered a nervous breakdown from the shelling.

@HalabTodayTV reported that the injury was suffered by a civilian.

A Facebook post by Rasheed Alosman identified the civilian injured as Yasser Muhammad Sheikh Hussein, age 35, with an image showing an injury to his leg.

Pro-regime source @idleb_online tweeted that the Syrian regime army launched artillery shelling against “terrorist sites”  without specifying casualties.

Sources were conflicted as to whether Russian or the Syrian regime were responsible, with @Almohrar1 attributing the shelling to Russia while Shaam News blamed the Syrian regime.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Yasser Muhammad Sheikh Hussein ياسر محمد الشيخ حسين
35 years old male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Agriculture
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • Artillery shelling of outskirts of the village of Maarbelet on November 21, 2022. (Image posted by Syrian Civil Defense via Twitter)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Graphic image of the injury suffered by Yasser Muhammad Sheikh Hussein when Russian or Syrian regime forces shelled the village of Maarbelet. (Image posted by Rasheed Alosman via Facebook)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Agriculture
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4493

Incident date

November 22, 2022

Location

تديل, Tadel, Aleppo, Syria

Airwars assessment

A civilian was wounded by alleged Russian or Syrian regime shelling of the village of Tadel on November 22, 2022.

The @SyriaCivilDefe reported that a civilian was wounded by artillery shelling carried out by the Syrian regime forces and Russian forces on residential neighborhoods in the village of Tadel.

A tweet from @AsharqNewsSYR pointed out that the shelling coincided with the commencing of the 19th round of peace talks regarding Syria in Astana, Kazakhstan.

Sources were conflicted as to who was responsible, with @Almohrar1 identifying Russian forces while @alaskari_media blamed the Syrian regime. Alaraby News reported that the shelling coincided with the “intense flight of Russian reconnaissance planes”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Civil Defense volunteers treat a civilian injured by alleged Russian or regime shelling of the village of Adel on November 22, 2022. (Image posted by @AsharqNewsSYR)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4494

Incident date

November 30, 2022

Location

البارة,ادلب, Al-Bara, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

A child was injured by alleged Syrian regime or Russian shelling of the town of Al-Bara on November 30, 2022.

The @SyriaCivilDefe reported that artillery shelling by the Syrian regime and Russian forces resulted in the minor injury of a child and the destruction of civilian homes. @HalabTodayTV also reported that a child was injured.

Local sources put the time of the shelling at midnight local time.

Sources were conflicted as to who carried out the shelling, with @Almohrar1 attributing the attack to Russian forces while the majority of others blamed the Syrian regime.

The incident occured around midnight.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • A while ago, artillery shelling targeted the center of the village of Al-Bara, south of Idlib
  • "A child was injured and civilian homes were destroyed as a result of artillery shelling by the regime forces targeting the town of Al-Bara, south of Idlib" (via @HalabTodayTV)
  • Destruction caused by alleged Syrian regime and/or Russian shelling on the town of Al-Bara on November 30, 2022. (Image posted by Alhaqiqa Idlib via Facebook)
  • Destruction caused by alleged Syrian regime and/or Russian shelling on the town of Al-Bara on November 30, 2022. (Image posted by Alhaqiqa Idlib via Facebook)
  • Destruction caused by alleged Syrian regime and/or Russian shelling on the town of Al-Bara on November 30, 2022. (Image posted by Alhaqiqa Idlib via Facebook)
  • Destruction caused by alleged Syrian regime and/or Russian shelling on the town of Al-Bara on November 30, 2022. (Image posted by Alhaqiqa Idlib via Facebook)
  • Destruction caused by alleged Syrian regime and/or Russian shelling on the town of Al-Bara on November 30, 2022. (Image posted by Alhaqiqa Idlib via Facebook)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4495

Incident date

December 2, 2022

Location

اليونيسية, Obin (Al Younisiya), Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

Three civilians, including a child, were killed and up to seven others, including a woman and a child, were injured by alleged Russian and/or Syrian regime guided missile strikes on the village of Obin (Al Younisiya) on December 2, 2022.

The @SyriaCivilDefe reported that three civilians from the same family including a child were killed and five others including a woman and a child were injured by a bombing carried out by Syrian regime and/or Russian forces. The bombing struck a home inhabited by displaced person in the village of Obin (Al Younisiya) and the Civil Defense volunteers took the injured to the hospital to receive treatment.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported a similar casualty count of three civilians killed, including a 15 year old child, and others wounded. Baladi News put the number of civilians killed at three as well and provided their names as Muhammad Al-Aloush, Mahmoud Al-Aloush, and Hamza Al-Aloush (15 years old) and identified six others as being injured, some of them seriously. The Syrian Human Rights Committee put the injury count at seven and added that the dead and injured were displaced from the village of Um al-Khalakhil, in the countryside of Maarat al-Numan, south of Idlib.

Sources were conflicted as to who was responsible for the bombing, with Syrian Human Rights Committee attributing the attack to the Syrian regime while others like Baladi News referred only to the Syrian regime and the “militias supporting it” or the Syrian regime and Russian forces (Syrian Civil Defense). The Syrian Civil Defense identified guided heat missiles as being used in the attack while Baladi News referred to them as anti-tank guided missiles.

Multiple sources pointed out that the village of Obin is located close to the frontlines of regime forces in the northern countryside of Latakia.

The incident occured around midday.

The victims were named as:

Family members (3)

Muhammad Al-Aloush ،محمد محمد العلوش
male killed
Mahmoud Al-Aloush محمود العلوش
male Son of Muhammad Al-Aloush killed
Hamza Al-Aloush حمزة العلوش
15 years old male killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 child2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    5–7
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (30) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • Civil Defense volunteer help civilians injured by alleged Russian and/or Syrian regime strikes on the village of Obin (Al-Yunsiya) on December 2, 2022. (Image posted by Syrian Civil Defense via Twitter)
  • Civil Defense volunteer help civilians injured by alleged Russian and/or Syrian regime strikes on the village of Obin (Al-Yunsiya) on December 2, 2022. (Image posted by Omar Talawi via Facebook)
  • Muhammad Muhammad Al-Aloush Abu Aloush, killed by alleged Russian or Syrian regime missile strikes on the village of Obin on December 2, 2022. (Image posted by The Supreme Council of the Bouassi clan, the Bakara tribe via Facebook)
  • Destruction caused by alleged Russian and/or Syrian regime strikes on the village of Obin (Al-Yunsiya) on December 2, 2022. (Image posted by ANews Arabic via Facebook)
  • urgent | The death toll from the regime’s targeting of a house in the village of Obin in the western countryside of Idlib has risen to 3, and others have been injured (@HalabTodayTV)
  • Civil Defense volunteer help civilians injured by alleged Russian and/or Syrian regime strikes on the village of Obin (Al-Yunsiya) on December 2, 2022. (Image posted by @hadikhraat)
  • "Today, Friday, three civilians from the same family, including a child, were killed, and five others were injured, as a result of the Syrian regime forces targeting with a guided missile, a house inhabited by displaced people in the village of #Obin (#Al-Yunsiyah) in the countryside of #Badama, west of #Idlib Governorate, northwestern #Syria" (@AsharqNewsSYR)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 child2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    5–7
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (30) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4496

Incident date

December 22, 2022

Location

سفوهن, Sfuhen, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

At least one civilian was seriously injured by alleged Syrian regime and/or Russian artillery shelling of the village of Sfuhen on December 22, 2022

The @SyriaCivilDefe tweeted that a civilian was seriously injured while herding sheep when artillery shelling, carried out by Syrian regime and Russian forces, struck the village of Sfuhen. Other local sources such as @syrianewsag provided similar details.

There were no other additional details available.

Sources were conflicted as to who was responsible for the shelling, with Radio Al Kul reporting that the Syrian regime was responsible, while @Almohrar1 attributed the shelling to Russian forces.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Syrian Civil Defense volunteers assist a civilian who was seriously injured by artillery shelling on the village of Sfuhen on December 22, 2022. (Image posted by @SyriaCivilDefe)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

R4497

Incident date

January 5, 2023

Location

مخيم الفروسية, the Equestrian (Al Forosiyah) camp, Al Foua, Idlib, Syria

Airwars assessment

On January 5th 2023 local sources including the White Helmets reported that five civilians, including four children and one woman were injured when missile strikes contested from Russian or Syrian regime forces actions hit them in a resident house near the Al Fourousia camp on the outskirts of Al-Foua town, in the Idlib countryside.

The building was housing displaced people, indicating that those that were injured were internally displaced persons.   Four of the five civilians injured were reportedly members of the same family. @anassananas84 tweeted that the family were displaced from the town of Jarjanaz.

In an interview with the injured family members, Baladi nes reported that the house was targeted by Iskander missiles.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (11) [ collapse]

  • " 5 civilians, including 4 children and a woman, were injured (four of them from one family, three children and their mother) by missile strikes by the regime forces and Russia, targeting a house where displaced people live near the Equestrian (Al Fourousia) camp" (Image via @Syriacivildef / Twitter)
  • " 5 civilians, including 4 children and a woman, were injured (four of them from one family, three children and their mother) by missile strikes by the regime forces and Russia, targeting a house where displaced people live near the Equestrian (Al Fourousia) camp" (Image via @Syriacivildef / Twitter)
  • " 5 civilians, including 4 children and a woman, were injured (four of them from one family, three children and their mother) by missile strikes by the regime forces and Russia, targeting a house where displaced people live near the Equestrian (Al Fourousia) camp" (Image via @Syriacivildef / Twitter)
  • "SOHR_Camera" captures the aftermath of regime rocket attack that hit an area near an IDP camp in Kafraya town in northern Idlib countryside" (Image via @syriahr / Twitter)
  • "SOHR_Camera" captures the aftermath of regime rocket attack that hit an area near an IDP camp in Kafraya town in northern Idlib countryside" (Image via @syriahr / Twitter)
  • "SOHR_Camera" captures the aftermath of regime rocket attack that hit an area near an IDP camp in Kafraya town in northern Idlib countryside" (Image via @syriahr / Twitter)
  • "SOHR_Camera" captures the aftermath of regime rocket attack that hit an area near an IDP camp in Kafraya town in northern Idlib countryside" (Image via @syriahr / Twitter)
  • "5 people, including children, were injured, as a result of a rocket launcher emanating from the areas of the regime of Umm al-Assad, targeting the vicinity of the equestrian camp between the towns of Kafriya and Al-Foua in Idlib countryside this morning." (Image via Euphrates)
  • "5 people, including children, were injured, as a result of a rocket launcher emanating from the areas of the regime of Umm al-Assad, targeting the vicinity of the equestrian camp between the towns of Kafriya and Al-Foua in Idlib countryside this morning." (Image via Euphrates)
  • "A family was lightly injured as the regime forces targeted a residential house with heavy missiles in the vicinity of the Equestrian Camp, south of the town of Al-Foua, northeast of the city of #Idlib." (Image via @MMCSYR / Twitter)
  • "A number of civilians were injured by a missile strike by the Russian external occupation, targeting the outskirts of the equestrian camp near the town of Kefraya in the northern countryside of Idlib" (Image via @mzmgr941 / Twitter)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian infrastructure
    IDP or refugee camp
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    5
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]