Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS3489

Incident date

June 28, 2018

Location

سهوة القمح, Sawha Al Qameh, Dara'a, Syria

Geolocation

32.5973, 36.364489 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four civilians from the same family, including two women, were reportedly killed in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the village of Al Sawha al Qamah, Dara’a governorate, on June 28th, 2018, according to the Syrian Network for Human Rights.

The SNHR wrote that “four civilians from the same family, including two women, were killed as Syrian/Russian warplanes fired a missile on Sahwet Al Qamah village – known as Al Sahwa village – in Daraa governorate eastern suburbs, on June 28, 2018.”

Airwars did not find any other sources reporting this incident.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 women)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Single source claim
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4
  • (2 women)
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (1) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3468

Incident date

June 27, 2018

Location

داعل, Da'el, Dara'a, Syria

Geolocation

32.756529, 36.138453 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Five civilians, including a woman and three children, were killed and more than 13 others in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on the town of Da’el, Dara’a governorate, on June 27th 2018, according to local sources.

@SyriaCivilDefe tweeted that “civilians, including a woman and three children, were martyred and more than 13 others were injured in the city of #Da’el in the western Dara’a countryside, after targeting with missiles from Russian warplanes.”

Sanabka Ahrar identified the victims, four presumably from the same family, as Rima Nasser Al Hariri (1), Mohammed Abdullan Al Hariri (four months old), Raghad Muhammad Al Hariri (2), Fayez Saleh Al Hariri (37) and Alaa Qassem Abu Zaid (26).

The Syrian.Network wrote on Facebook that there were “dozens of wounded.”

Shaam News Network reported that “five civilians, including three children and a woman, were killed in Da’el town in western rural Dara’a by a Russian airstrike targeting residential areas in the centre of the town.”

Nearly all sources blamed Russian forces for the airstrikes, but the Syrian Network for Human Rights and the Syrian Human Rights Committee blamed both Russia and the Syrian regime.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (4)

The victims were named as:

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • (3 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    13–24
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (29) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • Image of an infant wounded by alleged Syrian regime or Russian airstrikes against Da'el town of June 27, 2018 (via Syrian Network for Human Rights).
  • Injured child receiving medical help after alleged Russian or Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on the town of Da'el on June 27th 2018 (via Sanabka Ahrar on Facebook).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Injured child receiving medical help in the hospital after alleged Russian or Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on the town of Da'el on June 27th 2018 (via Sanabka Ahrar on Facebook).
  • Child in the hospital after alleged Russian or Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on the town of Da'el on June 27th 2018 (via Sanabka Ahrar on Facebook).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Killed chris in alleged Russian or Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on the town of Da'el on June 27th 2018 (via Sanabka Ahrar on Facebook).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Injured child receiving medical help in the hospital after alleged Russian or Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on the town of Da'el on June 27th 2018 (via Myasar Kotiesh Abu Yaman on Facebook).
  • Aftermath of alleged Russian or Syrian regime air and artillery strikes on the town of Da'el on June 27th 2018 (via @SyriaCivilDefe).

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • (3 children1 woman1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    13–24
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (29) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3483

Incident date

June 27, 2018

Location

درعا البلد, Dara'a al Balad, Dara'a, Syria

Airwars assessment

A number of civilians were injured in Dara’a Al Balad in Syria on June 27th, 2018 as a result of alleged Russian forces, Iranian forces or Syrian regime airstrikes.

@alaraby_ar blamed the Syrian regime, @Horan_now1 accused “Iranian militias” and Shaam Networked blamed Russia for the incident and said “the raids also resulted in  a number of wounded in  Daraa al-Balad, Ghariyah al-Sharqiya, al-Harak, Saida, Nahata, Kahil, Nawa, Tasil, al Soura, Ibta’a, Shaikh Saad, Tafas and al Taibeh.”

No further information is available on this incident.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime, Iranian Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Iranian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Iranian Military
  • Iranian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime, Iranian Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3473

Incident date

June 27, 2018

Location

المسيفرة, Al Musifra, Dara'a, Syria

Geolocation

32.632508, 36.338914 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between two and 20 civilians were reportedly killed in alleged Russian airstrikes on the town of Al Musifra, Dara’a governorate, on June 27th, 2020, according to local sources. A Syrian Civil Defence centre was targeted and destroyed.

Horrya’s correspondent Lujain Al Melihan reported “the martyrdom of about 20 civilians, dozens of wounded, most of them women and children, most of them from one family, as a result of Russian raids on the town of Al Musifra in the eastern countryside of Daraa, with an increase in the number of martyrs due to the fact that rescue teams are still recovering victims from below the rubble.”

Dana Al Kafri identified two victims as Younis Al Mamdouh Al Zoubi and Hajj Mazid Al Fahad Al Zoubi Abu Muhammad, adding that “several townspeople were wounded, medium to serious, as a result of the bombing of Russian aircraft.”

@HadiAlabdallah tweeted that there had been “10 civilian martyrs, as a result of the Russian warplanes targeting the towns of Al Musifra, Jiza, Saida, Fateea, and Dael with a series of raids”, but did not specify how many victims fell in Al Musifra.

Fresh-Syria reported that “the Civil Defense Center in Al Masifra town in Dara’a countryside was subjected to several similar raids, which also resulted in its departure from service”, blaming Russian forces for the airstrikes.

Shaam News Network, the Local Coordination Committees of Syria and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported each that one civilian was killed in the strikes on Al Musifra.

All sources reported that Russia had been responsible for the strikes, with the exception of Step News, who wrote that “the number of deaths in Dara’a has risen to four by the bombing of Syrian and Russian aircraft on the city Al Harak and the towns of Al Jiza and Al Musifra.” Because Step News did not specifically speak of the incident in Al Musifra, but mentioned multiple incidents, and all other sources only mentioned Russia as the belligerent, this incident is graded as fair.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 20
  • (2 children2 women2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Translation: "10 civilian martyrs as a result of Russian warplanes targeting the cities of Al Musifra, Jiza, Saida, Ibta' and Dael in Daraa" (via @ShehabAgency).

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 20
  • (2 children2 women2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Cause of injury / death
    Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3484

Incident date

June 27, 2018

Location

ناحتة, Nahta, Dara'a, Syria

Airwars assessment

A number of civilians were reported injured in alleged Russian forces or Syrian regime raids on Nahta in Dara’a, Syria on June 27th, 2018.

Shaam Network reported that “the raids also resulted in  a number of wounded in  Daraa al-Balad, Ghariyah al-Sharqiya, al-Harak, Saida, Nahata, Kahil, Nawa, Tasil, al Soura, Ibta’a, Shaikh Saad, Tafas and al Taibeh.” and blamed Russia for the incident.

However, @Step_Agency accused the regime of the responsibility and tweeted ” The withdrawal of the opposition forces from the town of Nahata, east of Daraa, after heavy and intense air and ground shelling by the regime forces, and reports that the regime has entered the town.”

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    Unknown
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3474

Incident date

June 27, 2018

Location

صيدا, Saida, Dara'a, Syria

Airwars assessment

One civilian was reported killed and others injured in alleged Russian forces airstrikes on Saida town in Dara’a on June 27th, 2018, according to local sources.

@abode125 tweeted that “the young man Basil Muhammad Qaddah, from the town of aheel in the eastern countryside of Daraa, was martyred while he was in Saida town due to the targeting of warplanes.”

Other sources said the bombing had rendered hospitals and medical centers in the town out of service.

@HalabTodayTV tweeted “Civil defense centers in the towns of Saida and Al-Musifra east of Daraa are out of service due to being targeted by several Russian airstrikes.”

Fresh-Syria also said that ” Saida Hospital was subject to several airstrikes overnight, which resulted in making the hospital out of service completely without any news of injuries.”

Russia was blamed by most sources for the incident and was accused to be responsible by @alidiab111, @HalabTodayTV, @Ahrar_Saida_Net , @RFS_mediaoffice, @AishaSapri, Fresh-Syria, Shaam Network and Local Coordination Committees of Syria.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

ive.fo/soDiG The youth Basil Muhammad Qaddah باسل محمد قداح
Age unknown male Originally from Kaheel town killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Healthcare facility
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Likely strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian infrastructure
    Healthcare facility
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3475

Incident date

June 27, 2018

Location

الطيبة, al Tayba, Dara'a, Syria

Airwars assessment

Local sources reported that up to 13 civilians including at least three children were killed and others also including children injured in Russian forces or Syrian regime forces airstrikes on Al Taybah in Dara’a on June 27th, 2018. Daraa Martyrs Documentation Office said that ten of the victims are from the same family.

SMART News said “13 civilians were killed Wednesday as a result of a Russian air strike on the town of Taybeh in the province of Daraa, south of Syria.”

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that many of those injured are in critical conditions and that many civilians are still missing and their fate is unknown.

Daraa Martyrs Documentation Office reported that “Syrian warplanes launched a raid on the town of Taybeh in the eastern village of Daraa, targeting civilian sites inhabited by displaced persons from Daraa al-Balad , Which resulted in the massacre of thirteen martyrs, including ten martyrs from one family.  Daraa Martyrs Documentation Office documented the martyrdom of:Ahmed Awad Abazid and three of his daughters and four of his grandchildren and two of his sons in law, in addition to two martyrs, one of them a child from al Tayba and another unidentified child.”

From their side, Shaam Network blamed Russian warplanes for that. “Russian warplanes committed a new massacre in the eastern village of Daraa, where aircraft raided civilian houses and residential neighborhoods in the town of Taybeh. Activists pointed out that the Russian aircraft targeted the town several raids, which led to the death of 7 martyrs who are displaced people from al Gharya,Al Gharbiya mostly children.”

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said the operation is joint between Russian forces and the Syrian regime as they said ” the regime forces continue their targeting to Daraa countryside, deliberately expanding, with the support of the Russian warplanes.”

The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported that ” At least 9 civilians, most of them from the same family, killed as Syrian/ Russian regime warplanes fired missiles on al Tayba village in Daraa governorate southeastern suburbs, on June 27, 2018.”

The sources said seven of the civilians reported killed are IDPs from al Gharya and Local Coordination Committees of Syria said the seven victims are from the same family.

White Helmets published a video on Facebook in which their volunteers were rescuing a child who was under the rubble. Shaam News said the Russian warplanes raided civilians houses and residential areas, and that civil defense volunteers were not able to respond quickly because of the intensity of the bombing.

A civil defense spokesperson told SMART Agency that “Russian warplanes launched raids on residential neighborhoods in the town, killing 13 civilians and wounding four others, as civil defense teams recovered the victims and moved the wounded to nearby hospitals.”

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (10)

female Daughter of Ahmad Awad Abazid Al-Rantisi killed
female Daughter of Ahmad Awad Abazid Al-Rantisi killed
Child of Youssef Ayyash طفل يوسف عياش
killed
Child of Youssef Ayyash طفل يوسف عياش
killed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 13
  • (3–6 children3 women3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (27) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (19) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Images of children injured or killed in alleged Russian airstrikes against the town of Tayba on June 28, 2018 (via Daraa Martyrs Documentation Office)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Images of children injured or killed in alleged Russian airstrikes against the town of Tayba on June 28, 2018 (via Daraa Martyrs Documentation Office)
  • Image of the damage to a building caused by alleged Russian airstrikes against the town of Tayba on June 28, 2018 (via Daraa Martyrs Documentation Office)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Images of children injured or killed in alleged Russian airstrikes against the town of Tayba on June 28, 2018 (via Daraa Martyrs Documentation Office)
  • Image of the damage to a building caused by alleged Russian airstrikes against the town of Tayba on June 28, 2018 (via Syrian Network for Human Rights)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Image of a child injured in alleged Russian airstrikes against the town of Tayba on June 28, 2018 (via Syrian Network for Human Rights)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

  • "At least 13 civilians were killed, most of them women and children, and a number of others were wounded in a horrific massacre carried out by Russian warplanes that targeted civilian homes in the town of Al-Taybeh in the eastern countryside of Daraa this evening, Wednesday."
  • A civilian reported killed in airstrikes on Taybah in Dara'a on June 27th, 2018 (via Rabi’ Khalaf ).
  • A civilian reported killed in airstrikes on Taybah in Dara'a on June 27th, 2018 (via Rabi’ Khalaf ).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Body of a child killed in Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Al Taybah in Dara'a on June 27th, 2018 (via Hamza Ali al Khateeb).
  • A child killed in alleged Russian forces or Syrian regime airstrikes on Al Taybah in Dara'a on June 27th, 2018 (via @qaboodabood).
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A child killed in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Al Taybah in Dara'a on June 27th, 2018 (via @qaboodabood )
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    "A massacre committed by Russian aircraft in the town of Taybeh in the eastern countryside of Daraa."
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    "Syria Activists: the death toll from the Russian air bombardment on the town of Taybeh in the eastern Daraa countryside has risen to 13, including children."
  • Khaled Mahmoud Ibrahim Hoshan Ayyash and Youssef Mahmoud Ibrahim Hoshan Ayyash, two brothers, were reported killed with their wives and children in Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes on Al Taybah in Dara'a on June 27th, 2018 (via Martyrs Daraa Albalad ).

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 13
  • (3–6 children3 women3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2–4
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (27) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3476 

Incident date

June 27, 2018

Location

كحيل, Kahil, Dara'a, Syria

Airwars assessment

At least one civilian is reported killed in alleged Russian forces or Syrian regime airstrikes on Kahil in Dara’a on June 27th, 2018, according to local sources.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that they “documented that three were killed in bombardment by warplane on the towns of Jiza, Kahil, and al-Msifra, and the death toll is expected to rise because there are some people in critical situation.”

Shaam Network blamed Russia for the incident.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike status
    Contested strike
  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime
  • Suspected target
    Unknown

Sources (7) [ collapse]