Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS796

Incident date

May 11, 2016

Location

Ibn Khaldoun (Ar Raqqahh), Ar Raqqah, Syria

Geolocation

35.9505639, 39.0094148 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Four or five civilians including three children and one women died in airstrikes on the Ibn Khaldoun neighborhood of Ar Raqqa, according to local sources which also said that a school was targeted – though reports are conflicted as to whether this was the work of Russia or the Assad regime.

The Shaam News Network reported that Russian warplanes killed three children when they carried out raids which targeted the Ibn Khaldoun neighborhood and Zee Kaar school.

An initial post by Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently said three children died in Russian strikes, however, subsequent reports only mentioned “warplanes” and did not say who they belonged to.

According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, “government warplanes” killed three people including a child and a woman when they fired missiles on the neighborhood, targeting Zee Kaar school. It reported that the school was partially destroyed.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Mahmoud Mohammad Shawha
Adult male killed
Fatima Baha’a Al Deen
four-years-old years old Fatima was also named as killed in “warplane shelling” by the VDC and multiple other sources, including Alamawi and the Syrian Network for Human Rights. killed
Marwa Mahmoud Al Nawri
Age unknown

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 5
  • (3 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (5) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of raids on Zee Kaar school and the Ibn Khaldoun of the city of Raqqa, May 12th 2016 (via RBSS)
  • Fatima Baha’a Al Deen, four years old, killed in a strike on Ibn Khaldoun (Ar Raqqahh), May 12th (via RBSS)
  • A photo of the young man Mahmoud Mohammad Shawha who was martyred after raids by warplanes on Ibn Khaldoun area last night. (via RBSS)
  • - the signs of destruction resulting from the air raids last night near Zee Kaar school and Ibn Khaldoun area. (via RBSS)
  • Government warplanes targeted Thei Qar School in Ibn Khaldoun neighborhood in Raqqa city, partially damaging it, May 11. (via SNHR)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st – 31st

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    School
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 5
  • (3 children1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS795

Incident date

May 11, 2016

Location

الشحيل, Al Shaheel, Deir ez-Zor, Syria

Geolocation

35.0865, 40.45232 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to 15 civilians including four children died and up to 20 were injured in an airstrike on a health facility at Al Shaheel town, according to local sources – though reports were conflicted as to whether this was the work of Russia or the Assad regime.

The Shaam News Network reported that amid intensive raids on several areas in Deir ez-Zor, Russia carried out strikes targeting a clinic in Al Shaheel, leading to the death of 12 civilians.

LCCSY also believed the planes responsible to be Russian. It put the death toll at 11, naming the same victims as VDC (below) and one unidentified person.

Alaraby and All4Syria news also blamed Russia, but said that 15 people were killed and 20 others wounded. All4Syria also said that the raids had “destroyed the medical points in the village.”

In confused reporting, Deir Ezzor is Being Slaughtered Silently published a number of posts which referred to unidentified warplanes, then attributed the attack to Russia and finally said that the regime was responsible. It said that 11 non-combatants were killed – mostly women and children.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights did not say who the planes belonged to, putting the number of fatalities at seven or more and 11 injured. However, the Syrian Network for Human Rights said that government missiles were fired on a “dispensary” in the town, severely damaging it and rendering it inoperable.

The Violations Documentation Center named 12 victims of “warplane” shelling a

Alsharq Alarabi News also named Hasan Al-Mukhlaf Al-Halloum.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (6)

Adult male killed
Child female killed
Child male killed
Adult male killed
Child male killed
Adult male killed

The victims were named as:

Child female killed
Adult female killed
Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Hasan Al-Mukhlaf Al-Halloum
Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    12 – 15
  • (4 children7 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    11–20
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (32) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • The death of the village of Deir al-Zour following a Russian raid and the bombing continues on Aleppo. (via akhbaralaan)
  • Warplanes target the medical centre in the city. (via Deir Ezzor)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st – 31st

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    12 – 15
  • (4 children7 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    11–20
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (32) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS793

Incident date

May 10, 2016

Location

تقاد, Taqad, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.1994732, 36.871233 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

According to multiple local sources, three children died when the remains of a cluster bomb – allegedly earlier dropped by Russia – exploded in the town of Taqad.

However, the Syrian Network for Human Rights, which also said three children died, blamed the regime for originally dropping the cluster bomb. Alarab News reported that “a loud explosion was heard due to an explosion of a bomb thrown earlier but did not explode. There were reports about martyrs and wounded.”

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (3 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st – 31st.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (3 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS794

Incident date

May 10, 2016

Location

بنش, Binnish, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.958429, 36.711587 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between 10 and 14 civilians including two to three children and one woman died in an airstrike on Binnish which struck a mosque, a market and houses, according to multiple local sources. The majority of reports point to this being the work of the Assad regime, though  others, like LCCSY, alleged that Russia was responsible. Some sources did not identify the planes that carried out the attack.

Step News posted a video saying that a warplane raid in a market in Binnish led to a massacre. An initial report by the Shaam News Network blamed the regime, saying that the town of Binnish – next to Al Faw’a – was one of the locations supposedly covered by a cessation of fighting under the  “Al Faw’a – Al Zabadanii” agreement. It added that “Assad warplanes violated this agreement several times”.

Activists told SNN that the targeting of civilian homes killed 10 individuals and wounded 20 more. They named Abdul Ghaffar Harb, a military commander of Ahrar al-Sham (Al Qaeda) as a victim. A further report by the network said that activists had documented the death of an entire family when the Al Sheikh Sh’eib mosque was struck by warplanes. (This time it did not identify them.)

The victims were named as Muhannad Abdul Khaliq and his wife and two children. SNN added that a third child of the family – “no more than seven years old” – was in intensive care in a hospital on the Turkey border. Two raids were reported, one of which was on the mosque. They put the death toll at 12, and said that most of them were passers-by in front of the mosque. Several other sources also reported the death of two children, though in a tweet by Gnat it was said that three children from the same family were killed.

SNN also published a video showing the strike and aftermath, which they said had been carried out by “Sukhoi 24” warplanes. Other media organisations also posted footage:

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights did not identify the warplanes responsible, but said that at least 10 died, including two children “and a military commander of a battalion belonging to the Islamic Movement of Ahrar al-Sham“. It later posted a video on Twitter, showing the destruction caused. A video posted by Orient News showed what they said was a vacuum missile flying through the air and striking the mosque. It alleged that it was the work of the regime.

The Syrian Network for Human Rights also attributed the incident to the regime, and put the death toll at nine civilians. The White Helmets reported at least 10 non-combatants killed, but did not say who was responsible.

Two additional victims were named by the Violations Documentation Center. It blamed Russia.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (4)

Muhannad Abdul Khaliq
Adult male killed
Muhannad Abdul Khaliq's wife
Age unknown female killed
Muhannad Abdul Khaliq's child
Age unknown killed
Muhannad Abdul Khaliq's child
Age unknown killed

The victims were named as:

Age unknown male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    10 – 14
  • (2–3 children1 woman3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–25
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (38) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (19) [ collapse]

  • Bodies are lined up following a strike on Banis, May 10th (via SNN)
  • Abdul Baset Abdul Salam Jabaq (via VDC)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Saad Mustafa Ameen Astaifi (via VDC)
  • Saad Mustafa Ameen Astaifi (via VDC)
  • Video shows the destruction caused by raids carried out by warplanes on areas on Bennesh city in Idlib province (via SOHR)
  • Ten martyrs and twenty wounded by air raids on the city of Bensh countryside Idlib (via SNN)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A civilian burned in warplane shelling in Binnish. (via 111_saleh)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Three children killed all from same family in suspected Russian warplane shelling in Binnish. (via Gnat)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Three children killed all from same family in suspected Russian warplane shelling in Binnish. (via Gnat)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Victims of the airstrike. (via SNN)
  • Victims of the airstrike. (via SNN)
  • Aftermath of the airstrike. (via SNN)
  • Aftermath of the airstrike. (via SNN)
  • victims died in government warplanes missiles fired on Binnish city in Idlib governorate, May 10. (via SNHR)
  • government warplanes (allies) fired missiles on Al Sheikh Shu’ayeb Mosque in Binnish city in Idlib governorate, causing a massacre, damaging the mosque severely, and rendering it inoperable, May 10. (via SNHR)
  • The civil defence in the southern Aleppo countryside helps the civil defence team in Idlib to pull out the martyrs resulting from the massacre at Binsh. (via White Helmets)
  • The civil defence in the southern Aleppo countryside helps the civil defence team in Idlib to pull out the martyrs resulting from the massacre at Binsh. (via White Helmets)
  • The civil defence in the southern Aleppo countryside helps the civil defence team in Idlib to pull out the martyrs resulting from the massacre at Binsh. (via White Helmets)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The civil defence in the southern Aleppo countryside helps the civil defence team in Idlib to pull out the martyrs resulting from the massacre at Binsh. (via White Helmets)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st – 31st

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    10 – 14
  • (2–3 children1 woman3 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–25
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (38) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS792

Incident date

May 6, 2016

Location

الباب, Al-Bab, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.371972, 37.51631 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Local sources reported that five civilians were killed in alleged Russian raids on a park in Al Bab.

According Al Jisr TV, Russian warplanes killed five civilians in Al Bab. Qasioun and Nasaem News also blamed Russia. Other sources did not identify who was responsible.

Baladi News also reported the incident and said that “warplanes and helicopters targeted the general park in Al Bab. Five were killed and dozens wounded and this is the initial death toll.”

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st – 31st.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    5
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS791

Incident date

May 3, 2016

Location

ياقد العدس, Yaqid al Adas, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.2645222, 37.0187463 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported that three civilians from the same family including one woman and one child died in “suspected” Russian shelling on Yaqid al Adas.

Multiple other sources also reported that a man and his wife were killed. Some said that the child was seriously injured, others put the death toll at three: “Three civilians were killed including a child due to regime artillery shelling in Yaqid Al Adas”, according to a tweet by Shahba.

Muhanadkatib1 tweeted a photo of a “two month young baby”, saying that it among the victims together with its parents.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 child1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime, Syrian Regime

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • A young baby was reportedly killed or injured in Russian and/or regime strikes in Yaqid al Adas village. (via Muhanadkatib1)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Civil Defense: Bombardment of the warplanes on the town of Yaqid Al-Ads which resulted in the death of 3 people. (via Civil Defence)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st – 31st

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3
  • (1 child1 woman)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime, Syrian Regime

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS790

Incident date

May 3, 2016

Location

حي البلليرمون, Al Baleirmoon neighbourhood (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.2423248, 37.1057626 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Local sources reported that up to six people, including two women and two children, had died in shelling on Al Baleirmoon neighbourhood. Reports are conflicted as to whether Russia or the Assad regime was responsible.

Egypt News said that “a man, a woman and her daughter were killed due to warplane shelling in Al Baleirmoon.” Multiple sources, including Aletihad news, reported the use of cluster bombs. Aletihad news said that the bombs “killed 6 people including two women and a child and injured dozens and destroyed buildings.”

According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, six civilians including two girls and two women died when “suspected Russian warplanes” fired missiles on the Al Baleirmoon neighborhood of Aleppo.

However, LCCSY and many other sources said that regime warplanes were responsible. Others did not identify the warplanes. It was unclear from Shaam News Network who carried out the attack. It reported clashes as the regime attempted “to advance towards Alcastello road, amid artillery and aerial bombardment by Assad’s forces and Russian aircraft over the region”. It said that three died and others were wounded.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 6
  • (2 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    6–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (19) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (8) [ collapse]

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A child injured in the cluster bomb raids on al Leirmon, 3rd May 2016 [via: ShahbaPress]
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Shahba press tweets a photo of an injured child following 'cluster bomb raids' on the town of al Leirmoon, 3rd May 2016
  • Shahba press tweets that there are '6 dead including two women and a child' in the cluster bomb raids on al Leirmoon neighbourhood in Aleppo, 3rd May 2016
  • Syria post tweets that alleged Russian planes carried out two raids on the outskirts of Al Leirmoon, 3rd May 2016
  • Anadan media says that most of the civilians wounded were children, 3rd May 2016
  • News Flash Aleppo tweets that 'warplanes' target al Leirmoon with cluster bombs leading to civilian casualties, 3rd May 2016
  • Jisr TV confirms dead and wounded in alleged regime raids on al Leirmoon, 3rd May 2016
  • Al Jazeera confirms that three were killed following alleged regime raids on al Leirmoon neighbourhood in Aleppo, 3rd May 2016

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st – 31st

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 6
  • (2 children2 women1 man)
  • Civilians reported injured
    6–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (19) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS789

Incident date

May 3, 2016

Location

حريتان, Hraytan, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.287032, 37.08332 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two civilians died and between eight and ten were injured in airstrikes on Hraytan, according to local sources – though reports are conflicted as to whether this was the work of Russia or the Assad regime.

Activists told Shaam News Network that Russian warplanes targeted the city centre with vacuum missiles, killing two civilians and wounding 10 more, some of whom were left in a critical condition. Syrian Mirror also blamed Russia for the attack with vaccuum missiles and spoke of “a number of casualties” and more than 14 wounded.

However, two other sources blamed the regime. According to LCCSY, eight non-combatants were injured in an attack by “Assad’s warplanes”. The Syrian Network for Human Rights said “government” planes were responsible for at least two deaths.

Syria Mubashar and Thiqa newsagency named on Twitter the two men who died in the raids.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    8–15
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • Al Jazeera tweets that two people are killed and other injured in alleged regime raids on Hraytan, northern Aleppo. 3rd May 2016
  • An activist tweets that allegedly Russian and regime planes target Hraytan, kiling 2 and injuring ten. 3rd May 2016 [via: @abul_bisher]
  • Shaam news tweets that there are dead and wounded in alleged Russian raids on Hraytan, 3rd May 2016.
  • SN4HR tweets that at least two people were killed in what it says were government [and allies] raids on Hraytan on 3rd May.
  • Syria Mubasher network tweets the names of the two men who were killed in Hraytan, 3rd May 2016
  • Thiqa news agency confirms the names of the two men killed in Hraytan, 3rd MAy 2016.
  • Halab Today tweets that two people were killed following air raids on Hraytan, 3rd May 2016
  • @BreakingNews9 tweets that dozens were killed following 'Russian and Assad' raids on Hraytan, 3rd May 2016
  • Syria Revolutionary Grouping tweets that two people were killed in air raids on Hraytan, 3rd May 2016.

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between May 1st – 31st.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    8–15
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (17) [ collapse]