Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident Code

RS1664

Incident date

November 22, 2016

Location

المعادي, Al Ma'adi neighbourhood, Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.1914827, 37.1630799 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between four and nine civilians – including one child – were killed, and others were wounded, in alleged Russian or Syrian regime raids on the Al Ma’adi neighbourhood, Aleppo, local media reported. All sources blamed the Syrian regime for the raid, except Halab News Network (HNN), who said that Russia was responsible.

Additionally, all sources except HNN blamed the use of explosive barrel bombs from a helicopter.

Sources do not specify the number wounded, simply stating “others were wounded”.

There are no other details at this time.

The incident occured during the night.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 9
  • (0–1 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones.”

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    4 – 9
  • (0–1 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2200

Incident date

April 29, 2017

Location

كفرزيتا , Kafr Zita, Hama, Syria

Geolocation

35.3747033, 36.5923691 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to nine civilians including eight members of the civil defense died in alleged Russian and Syrian regime airstrikes in an “unprecedented bombing campaign” on Kafr Zita, according to local media.

Eight of the victims were killed in a strike on a civil defense shelter, including Hassan Hammoud Arfat, a paramedic and Ahmad Nayef al Hussein, a media activist. A number of civilians were wounded.

Activists in the city called it an “unprecedented bombing campaign”, beginning at 9 a.m. and continuing all day. As well as the Civil Defense Centre, mosques and residential neighborhoods were strucknwith cluster bombs and high-explosive rockets.

The city’s hospital was struck again for the second consecutive day. Sources told Smart News Agency that the radiation and emergency centers were destroyed, putting the hospital out of service permanently.

Medical staff were injured including Mazen Al-A’raj, the hospital’s administrative director and brother of one of those killed.

The hospital’s Director of Information claimed the Russian warplanes belonged to Hmeimim air base.

A military source told Al Khaleej that the airstrikes were retaliation for the large losses the regime and its supporters suffered in previous weeks.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult male killed
Adult male killed
Age unknown male killed
Adult male killed
Adult male 'civil defence' killed
Adult male 'civil defence' killed
Adult male 'media activist' killed

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    Healthcare facility
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 9
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (10) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on the hospital in Kafr Zita, April 29th 2017 (via Baladi)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on the hospital in Kafr Zita, April 29th 2017 (via Baladi)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on the hospital in Kafr Zita, April 29th 2017 (via Baladi)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on the hospital in Kafr Zita, April 29th 2017 (via Baladi)
  • Members of the White Helmets killed in an alleged Russian airstrike on Karf Zita, April 29th 2017 (via Aksalser )
  • Translation: 'Russian Air Force bombed the Civil Defense Center in Kfar Zeita, in the countryside of Hama and killed 8 volunteers. Russia carried out a systematic and intensive bombing campaign against hospitals and civil defense.'
  • Translation: 'Hospital # Kafrzita countryside# Hama was completely destroyed after being targeted for the second day in a row by Russian aviation.'
  • 'Ahmad Nayef al Hussein, media activist, from al Zakat village in Hama governorate northern suburbs, killed in Syrian-Russian alliance warplanes missiles fired on Kafr Zita in Hama governorate northern suburbs, April 29, 2017.' (via SN4HR)
  • 'Hasan Hamoud Arafat, born in 1988, ambulance driver from Kafr Zita city in Hama governorate northern suburbs, killed in Syrian-Russian alliance warplanes missiles fired on the vicinity of Center 107 of the Civil Defense in Kafr Zita city as he was heading with the emergency teams to evacuate victims of earlier shelling on the center, April 29, 2017.' (via SN4HR)
  • The aftermath of an alleged Russian airstrike on Kafr Zita, April 29th (via Step)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian infrastructure
    Healthcare facility
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 9
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (20) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2937

Incident date

January 28, 2018

Location

سراقب, Saraqeb, Idlib, Syria

Geolocation

35.859101, 36.797731 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Nine civilians were killed, and dozens more were wounded, in airstrikes which hit a residential neighbourhood in Saraqeb in the morning, according to local media. Sources blamed both the Syrian regime and Russian warplanes for the airstrikes.

According to sources, warplanes and helicopters hit the vicinity with more than 40 raids, with four explosive barrels. “A rotation of warplanes and helicopters bomb[ed] the city since the morning, using rockets and explosive barrels, where more than 40 raids with warplanes, four explosive barrels and three naval mines.”

Footage shows the serious material damage to the vicinity, which included the destruction of many residential homes.

Local media channel Nabaa-sy News reported that “the city was subjected to dozens of air strikes loaded with high-explosive cluster and concussion rockets by the Syrian and Russian warplanes, and left extensive destruction in the houses of civilians in the city.”

According to Airwars researchers and assessors, many of the images could have either been taken in this strike, or R2741 in Ma’arat Nu’man. It is unclear as to which strike many images belong.

The incident occured in the morning.

The victims were named as:

Abd al-Motaleb Hallak
Adult male killed
Shahed Abd al-Motaleb Hallak
Child female killed
Ali al-Shaikh Deeb
Adult male killed
Leen Ali al-Shaikh Deeb
4 months years old female killed along with her father killed
Abd al-Shaikh Deeb
Adult male killed
Ahmad Darweesh
Adult male killed
Yazan Qasem al-Haj Mosa
Adult male killed
Abdul Rahman Shalash
Adult male killed
Hamdi
Age unknown displaced person killed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6 – 9
  • (2 children6 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    16–20
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (30) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (29) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Edlib Media Centre)
  • A dead child in the aftermath of airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via @blackpearls6464)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A dead child in the aftermath of airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via @Omar_Madaniah)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Dead and wounded are rescued in the aftermath of airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Syrian Civil Defence Center in Idlib)
  • Abd Al Muttaleb Hallak and his daughter Shahed, victims of airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via @ZakSh91)
  • Footage showing the strikes which hit Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Smart News Agency)
  • Footage showing the aftermath of strikes which hit Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Step News Agency)
  • Footage showing the aftermath of strikes which hit Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Qasioun News Agency)
  • The aftermath of airstrikes in Sraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Ebaa News Agency)
  • The aftermath of airstrikes in Sraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. ((via Ebaa News Agency)
  • The aftermath of airstrikes in Sraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Ebaa News Agency)
  • The aftermath of airstrikes in Sraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. ( (via Ebaa News Agency)
  • The aftermath of airstrikes in Sraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Ebaa News Agency)
  • The aftermath of airstrikes in Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Fresh-sy News)
  • An injured child in the aftermath of airstrikes in Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via Fresh-sy News)
  • Victims of airstrikes in Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via @izat5561)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Injured civilian from airstrikes in Saraqeb, 28th jan 2018. (via @4b7861052c8f4d6)
  • Blood in the aftermath of airstrikes in Saraqeb, 28th jan 2018. (via @4b7861052c8f4d6)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A dead child killed in airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th jan 2018. (via @4b7861052c8f4d6)
  • Shahed Hallak, killed in airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th jan 2018. (via @Samhu12)
  • Abdul Muttalib Hallak, killed in airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via @blackpearls6464)
  • Yazan Qasem al-Haj Mosa, killed in airstrikes on Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via VDC)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    An injured child in the aftermath of airstrikes from Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via ALkawakibi Organization For Human Rights)
  • The aftermath of airstrikes from Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via ALkawakibi Organization For Human Rights)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The aftermath of airstrikes from Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via ALkawakibi Organization For Human Rights)
  • The aftermath of airstrikes from Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via ALkawakibi Organization For Human Rights)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The aftermath of airstrikes from Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via ALkawakibi Organization For Human Rights)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    An injured child in the aftermath of airstrikes from Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via ALkawakibi Organization For Human Rights)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    An injured child in the aftermath of airstrikes from Saraqeb, 28th Jan 2018. (via ALkawakibi Organization For Human Rights)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6 – 9
  • (2 children6 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    16–20
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (30) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2096

Incident date

April 8, 2017

Location

طريق السد, Sadd Neighbourhood, Dara'a, Syria

Geolocation

32.617834, 36.109486 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Seven to nine civilians, including two women and two children, were killed in an airstrike in the Sadd neighbourhood in Dara’a, according to local media sources – though it was unclear whether Russia or the Assad regime were responsible.

Seven civilians were listed in the Violations Documentations Centre with their cause of death recorded as “warplane shelling” from “Russian troops”. Two others were named in tweets from @Kvrschms, who also reported that Russia was responsible.

PanoramaFM reported that “ warplanes and helicopters launched intensive air strikes with rockets and explosive barrels on the neighborhoods of Daraa al-Balad and Al-Sad neighborhood” – it is known that explosive barrels were used by the Assad regime.

Syrian Network for Human Rights did not positively identify the warplanes and reported that the attack was from the “Syrian-Russian alliance”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Adult female killed
Adult female killed
Child male killed
Child male killed
Adult male killed
Child female killed
Child male killed
Adult male Displaced from Golan killed
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 9
  • (2 children2 women3–5 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between April 1st - 31st 2017.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    7 – 9
  • (2 children2 women3–5 men)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (12) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS286

Incident date

December 17, 2015

Location

أعزاز‎, A`zaz, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.586273, 37.04739 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Eight to nine civilians including two children and five women were killed in an alleged Russian airstrike on Azaz, according to multiple sources.

The White Helmets, Al Jazeera, the Shaam News Network and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that Russia carried out the raid, which killed nine non-combatants.

SOHR said this included a child, a girl and five women from the same family.

Syria4allAksalsaser, Smart News Agency and Alan TV also blamed Russian for the attack.

White Helmets also commented on one Unidentified victim.

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (7)

Mohammad Joma’a Hamada
70 years old male from Sayeed family, named by the White Helmets killed
Wife of Mohammad Joma’a Hamada
65 years old female named by the White Helmets killed
Mariyam Mohammad Joma’a Hamada,
45 years old female named by the White Helmets killed
Sabiha Mohammad Joma’a Hamada
40 years old female named by the White Helmets killed
Safia Mohammad Joma’a Hamada
35 years old female named by the White Helmets killed
Daniya Mohammad Joma’a Hamada
16 years old female named by the White Helmets killed
Juma’a
10 years old male the grandson of Mohammad Joma’a Hamada, named by the White Helmets killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    8 – 9
  • (2 children5 women1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

No Russian reports were published for December 16th-18th 2016.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    8 – 9
  • (2 children5 women1 man)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS2330

Incident date

July 11, 2017

Location

الجابرية, Jabriya, Hama, Syria

Geolocation

34.7988165, 36.8560061 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two sources reported that nine civilians were killed and another six were wounded as a bakery in Jabriya village, Hama, was hit by airstrikes. Smart News Agency identified Russia as the likely culprit while al-Araby did not appoint blame, merely referring to “a military aircraft”.

Both sources said that five of the victims were working in the bakery while the remaining four were customers.

However, two other sources, RFSmediaOffice1 and @ghaith82, denied that the incident had taken place. Both reported that “there is no truth to the news published by some media organizations about the massacre in the village of Jabriya”.

Currently, there are no further details available.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    9
  • Civilians reported injured
    6
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

Russia has not reported any strikes between July 1st - 31st 2017.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    9
  • Civilians reported injured
    6
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (4) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS103

Incident date

October 31, 2015

Location

دوما, Douma, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.5714804, 36.4033699 Note: The accuracy of this location is to City level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

The White Helmets were among those reporting multiple civilian fatalities after a series of alleged Russian airstrikes on Douma. “Since the morning until now, more than 15 strikes,” the civil defence group posted. Syria Reporter published what it said was an image of two Russian aircraft operating over the city that day.

The dead were later named

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Khaldoun Houssam Al Rheibani
Child male killed
Yussuf Khaled Khabiya
Age unknown male killed
Yasser Hassan Kabkab
Age unknown male killed
Ahmad Yasser Blaleh
Age unknown male killed
Waleed Deeb M’ekeh
Age unknown male killed
Yunis Mohammad Naji
Age unknown male killed
Three unidentified women
Age unknown female killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6 – 9
  • (1–3 children3 women)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (2) [ collapse]

  • warplanes flying over Douma

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military

The Russian MoD issued no report for the period October 28th-30th 2015. A monthly summary was issued on the evening of October 30th.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6 – 9
  • (1–3 children3 women)
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (7) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS3220

Incident date

March 10, 2018

Location

عربين, Arbeen, Damascus, Syria

Geolocation

33.538143, 36.364331 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Nine civilians were killed and dozens more were reported missing and wounded in the aftermath of air and artillery strikes on Arbeen, according to local media. Sources blamed both the Syrian regime and Russia for the raids.

The residential vicinity was hit with both missiles, internationally banned phosphorous bombs and napalm, according to local media.

An unidentified adult male was also listed by Violations Documentation Centre alongside seven other named victims.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Burhan Keshkeh
Adult male killed
Yaseen al-Haj Ali
Adult male killed
Usama Reslan
Adult male killed
Malikeh Derra
Adult female killed
Bushra al-Sheikh Qwaider
Adult female killed
Abdul Azeez al-Bizreh
Adult male killed
Mohammad Zain Abdul Azeez al-Bizreh
Adult male killed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 9
  • (2 women5 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (7) [ collapse]

  • The aftermath of air and artillery strikes on Arbeen, 10th March 2018. (via @syria1_17)
  • The aftermath of air and artillery strikes on Arbeen, 10th March 2018. (via @syria1_17)
  • The aftermath of air and artillery strikes on Arbeen, 10th March 2018. (via @syria1_17)
  • The aftermath of air and artillery strikes on Arbeen, 10th March 2018. (via @syria1_17)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Yaseen al-Haj Ali, killed in airstrikes on Arbeen 10th March 2018. (via Mothkfe erbin city)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Burhan Keshkeh “Abu Bassam”, killed in airstrikes on Arbeen 10th March 2018. (via Mothkfe erbin city)
  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    Usama Raslan, killed in airstrikes on Arbeen 10th March 2018. (via Erbeen martyres)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    3 – 9
  • (2 women5 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    12–24
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (14) [ collapse]