Russian Military in Syria

Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

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Russian Military
Country
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Incident Code

RS1596

Incident date

November 16, 2016

Location

دارة عزة, Darat Izza, Aleppo , Syria

Geolocation

36.28247, 36.85216 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Town level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One young civilian male or child died in Darat Ezza, Aleppo, “as a result of the explosion of one of the remnants of cluster bombardment”, according to multiple local sources. An unknown number of civilians were also injured in the event, according to All4Syria.

It was unclear who was responsible for his death – as reports from incidents close to the area around the time cited both the Assad regime and Russia as active in the area. No sources directly linked the civilians death with a particular belligerent.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Mouawiya Ibrahim Tinno
Age unknown killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Muawiya Ibrahim Tanno died after a remnant of a cluster bom exploded in Daret Ezza, November 16th (via @AnasAlhage)

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Unknown
Official source

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones”.

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Weak
    Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
  • Suspected attacker
    Unknown

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1597

Incident date

November 16, 2016

Location

السميرية, Al Samiriya, Aleppo , Syria

Geolocation

35.892969, 37.31471 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Two children died in an alleged Russian airstrike on the village Al Samiriya, Aleppo, according to local sources.

@Syriamubasher1 reported one child died, whilst @ShahbaPress reported the death of one child and the injury of two other children from one family. Both sources blamed Russia. 

@RasdAgency reported two children killed and two more injured. SCDAleppo named two children killed, adding that “the civil defense” had to “lift martyrs from the rubble and take the wounded to hospital”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Omar Rahman
15 years old male killed
Abdeil Rahman
5 years old male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Unknown

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (3) [ collapse]

  • A young boy treated for injuries in after alleged Russian strikes hit Al Samiriya, November 16th (via SCDAleppo)
  • A little boy in Al Samiry, treated for injuries sustained in alleged Russian warplane shelling, November 16th (via SCDAleppo)
  • Locals at the scene of rubble and destruction in Al Samiriya, looking on at the impact of alleged Russian warplane shelling (via SCDAleppo)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones”.

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Unknown Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Unknown
  • Unknown position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2
  • (2 children)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Unknown

Sources (10) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1591

Incident date

November 16, 2016

Location

حي السكري, Sukkari (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.17594, 37.14111 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Eleven civilians reportedly died in Al Sukkari, Aleppo, following a suspected Russian attack, however most sources reported only six killed. Numerous sources, including, Aleppo24 said that of those six four were children. 

Sdusyria listed various neighbourhoods of Aleppo struck by “Assad forces” and a “Russian airliner” – it counted 11 dead in Al Sukkari.

Annahar blamed Russia for the attacks whilst Al Jazeera did not name the culprit and referred only to “explosives and space rockets”. The news outlet said six were killed. @ShahbaPress and @Shahed_alep also suspected six killed – including four children, though neither source identified the culprit. 

Syrian News Desk said eight died in Al Sukkari – including two children. The source explained the raid on the neighboorhood was part of a larger offensive on areas over Aleppo in which numerous civilians died.

@Abohraid007 posted a very graphic photograph of one of the victims and attributed blame to three parties, “Assad”, “Iran”, and “Russia”. 

@3rj5oPnn2XeKaYg said both Russia and the Regime bombed the neighbourhood.

Rasd named four of the victims and said an addition two children, unnamed, died at the “headquarters of the ‘Illegal Medicine’ “.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

The victims were named as:

Family members (2)

Mu’tassam Bare’ Hijazi
5 years old killed
Bare’ Ahmad Hijazi
35 years old killed

The victims were named as:

Mahmood Mansour bin Adeeb
13 years old male killed
Malak Dahrouj
12 years old killed
Maher Badawi bin Abdulqadir
45 years old male killed
Rabie Assani bin Abdo
40 years old male killed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6 – 11
  • (2–4 children2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    6–40
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military, Iranian Military

Sources (25) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (9) [ collapse]

  • Footage of the destruction in Al Sukkari following suspected Russian strikes - the source suspected five families under the rubble. November 16th (via Syrian Civil Defense)
  • A building in Al Sukkari destroyed by suspected Russian shelling, November 16th (via Aleppo24)
  • A digger in action in the Al Sukkari neighbourhood, cleaning up the damage caused by alleged Russian strikes, November 16th (via Aleppo24)
  • The White Helmet rescue team at the scene in Al Sukkari following suspected Russian shelling, November 16th (via 24Aleppo)
  • A street scene in Al Sukkari reveals the material damage caused in alleged Russian strikes, November 16th (via Aleppo24)
  • Locals walk down a road in Al Sukkari after alleged Russian attacks, November 16th (via Aleppo24)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A very graphic photograph of a girl killed in alleged Russian shelling on Al Sukkari, November 16th (via @Abohraid007)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    The White Helmets rescue civilians from the destruction caused by alleged Russian strikes on Al Sukkari, November 16th (via @3rj5oPnn2XeKaYg)

  • This media contains graphic content. Click to unblur.

    A little girl, one of the dead in Al Sukkari - the source cited both Russia and the Regime, November 16th (@3rj5oPnn2XeKaYg)

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones”.

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Iranian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Iranian Military
  • Iranian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    6 – 11
  • (2–4 children2 men)
  • Civilians reported injured
    6–40
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Syrian Regime, Russian Military, Iranian Military

Sources (25) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1605

Incident date

November 17, 2016

Location

حي بأب النيرب , Bab al Nayrab (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.1918713, 37.1722841 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

One civilian was killed in a airstrike in Bab al Nayrab, Aleppo, according to local media.

It is unclear who was responsible for the attack, with multiple sources citing both Russian and Syrian planes.

Three local media sites said that one civilian died in the attack. Halab News says one “unidentified” civilian died “following Russian enemy raids on Bab al Nairab neighbourhood.”

A report from Annahar news said: “The bombing was accompanied by raids, barrels of explosives and rocket launchers, according to an AFP correspondent. He said one of the raids targeted a civilian defense center in the Bab al-Nairab neighborhood, without causing any casualties.”

It is thought that Bab al Nayrab’s water and electricity stations were struck, with multiple sources claiming that they were put out of service by the bombing.

The attack was part of a wider campaign on the neighbourhoods of Eastern Aleppo. It is currently unknown how many injuries there were in Bab al Nayrab alone.

According to the BBC on November 17th, “Russian cruise missiles were also reported to have been seen on the third day of the attack and were driven towards Aleppo. Moscow had said earlier it was not targeting the city of Aleppo. Rescuers said Wednesday night [Nov 16th] that 100 people were killed there and in surrounding areas during the attack. A large number of injuries were said to have occurred in recent attacks.”

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Translation: The effects of the destruction in the Bab al-Neirab district of Aleppo as a result of the Russian air strikes

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones”.

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (11) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1602

Incident date

November 17, 2016

Location

ارض الحمرا, Ard Al Hamra, Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.229216, 37.208977 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Eight or nine civilians died and up to dozens more were injured in an alleged Russian or Assad regime airstrike on Ard Al Hamra, Aleppo, according to multiple local sources. While some sources blamed Russia, others accused the regime of dropping barrels of chlorine gas from helicopters.

Ara News put the death toll at nine civilians, though it didn’t identify the culprit. According to the source, civilian homes were destroyed and the death toll was likely to rise as more civilians were trapped under the rubble. @aljmhoria also reported nine killed. 

@Roj24K said that “chlorine gas” was used in both Ard Al Hamra and Masaken Hananou, “after a helicopter threw and explosive barrel”. Smo-sy reiterated the use of chlorine and said a regime “helicopter dropped six explosive drums containing chlorine gas in the neighborhood of Sananu Masaken Hananou and the Ard Al-Hamra area, suffocating dozens of civilians who were transferred to field hospitals for necessary treatment”.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    8 – 9
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones”.

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    8 – 9
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (8) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1606

Incident date

November 17, 2016

Location

قبتان الجبل, Qabtan Al Jabal, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.2642414, 36.9490814 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Village level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Up to five civilians, potentially from one family, died in an airstrike on the neighbourhood of Qabtan Al Jabal, Western Aleppo, according to multiple sources.

All of the sources attributed responsibility to Russian warplanes.

Local news site, Syria News, put the death toll at one, reporting: “a civilian was killed and six others were wounded by shelling in the town of Qubtan Al Jabal.”

Halab News’ list of martyrs in Aleppo cited five deaths “following Russian enemy raids on Qabtan al Jabal neighbourhood.”

Smart News, however, said that “a family of five were wounded by Russian shelling targeting their home”

 

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 5
  • Civilians reported injured
    5–6
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • "The first moments of saving one of the children trapped under the rubble and the massive destruction of civilian homes in Qubtan Al Jabal".

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones”.

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 5
  • Civilians reported injured
    5–6
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Fair
    Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
  • Suspected attacker
    Russian Military

Sources (6) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1603

Incident date

November 17, 2016

Location

حي الانصاري, Al Ansari (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.1529125, 37.075864 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Three civilians including women and children died in air or artillery strikes on Al Ansari, Aleppo, though it was unclear whether Russia or the Syrian regime were to blame.

Alsharq and the Smart News Agency put the death toll at one, but all other sources said three people died.

Baladi and @heba_alhomsy222 both blamed Russia. 

Sdusyria placed the toll at three, also including women and children. The source blamed “Assad helicopters”, as did the Syrian Network for Human Rights.

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, “shelling by regime forces with artillery and rockets in the neighborhoods” of Aleppo resulted in the deaths.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 3
  • (1 child1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (1) [ collapse]

  • Smoke rusing above Al Ansari following alleged Russian airstrikes, November 17th (via Baladi)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones”.

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Strike type
    Airstrike and/or Artillery
  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    1 – 3
  • (1 child1 woman)
  • Civilians reported injured
    2
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (16) [ collapse]

Incident Code

RS1607

Incident date

November 17, 2016

Location

بستان الباشا, Bustan al Basha neighbourhood, Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

Geolocation

36.226481, 37.168787 Note: The accuracy of this location is to Neighbourhood/area level. Continue to map

Airwars assessment

Between two and five civilians were killed in an air raid on the district of Bustan al Basha, Aleppo, according to local media. While the majority of sources attributed the event to Russia, there were also reports that the regime had been active over the neighbourhood on this day.

Syria News Desk reported that “at least five civilians were killed in Bustan al Basha [when] Russian warplanes targeted more than 50 areas under the control of the opposition in Aleppo and its countryside areas.”

A tweet from Syria News Time at 06:13 put the death toll at two civilians. However, a later tweet, at 12:28 from Shahba Press, said that the death toll had risen to five.

HNN listed five unidentified civilians as killed “following Russian enemy raids”.

However, @aleppo_on_line said that explosive barrels – a weapon known to be used by the regime – had been dropped on the neighbourhood, while @AksAlsear pointed to both “Assad and Putin’s planes”.

It is currently unknown how many were injured in the raid.

The local time of the incident is unknown.

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 5
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (9) [ collapse]

Media
from sources (3) [ collapse]

  • Translation: +18 Russian & Syrian Regimes crimes in #Aleppo 17-11-2016
  • Translation: 'destruction in Bustan Al Basha district as a result of bombing by an explosive barrel'
  • Aftermath of raids on Bustan al Basha, Aleppo, Nov 17th 2016 (Via: Shahba Press)

Russian Military Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Russian Military
  • Russian Military position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Original strike reports

Russian Military
Official source

Russia has not reported any specific strikes between November 1st – 30th 2016.

On 6 January 2017, Russia, however, reported: “Since November 8, 2016, the aircraft carrier group of the Northern Fleet consisting of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Severomorsk, as well as auxiliary vessels of the Black Sea Fleet, has been fulfilling counterterrorist missions on the territory of Syria”, adding that ”in the course of two months of their participation in the combat actions, naval aviation pilots have carried out 420 combat sorties, 117 of them were night ones”.

Additionally, Russia reported that its air forces have carried out strikes in Aleppo during November and December 2016.

Syrian Regime Assessment:

  • Suspected belligerent
    Syrian Regime
  • Syrian Regime position on incident
    Not yet assessed

Summary

  • Civilian harm reported
    Yes
  • Civilians reported killed
    2 – 5
  • Airwars civilian harm grading
    Contested
    Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
  • Suspected attackers
    Russian Military, Syrian Regime

Sources (9) [ collapse]